lecture 14 - crisis of the international order

Question 1

neocolonialism

Answer 1

Kwame Nkrumah (leader Ghana): the last stage of imperialism

• it seems sovereign and independent, but eco. system and thus political policy is directed from outside

= control through economic or monetary means

Question 2

tricontinental conference 1966

Answer 2

organized by Medhi Ben Barka (Morroco (was a French colony)), was against new king, as they cooperated closely with France (neocolonialism) - was murdered

participants in Havana conference: representatives of movements for national liberation, not just states

• difference with Bandung = inclusion Latin America in scope of Afro-Asian solidarity (-> third world solidarity) + inclusion non-states

new geopolitical orientation: non-aligned movement -> pro-Soviet stance

OSPAAAL = Organization of Solidarity with the People of Asia, Africa and Latin

-> anti-imperial internationalism

Question 3

anti-imperial internationalism

Answer 3

• fliers, posters, mass communication
  *OSPAAAL posters usually had messages in diff languages
• tricontinental magazine = promotion of a communist-like revolution

Question 4

bottomline Third World revolunionaries

Answer 4

powerful solidarity movement (1960s-70s)
sufficiently united to act as one against colonial and neo-colonial powers

with success of (political) decolonization, next challenge to the West was a proposal for a new international economic order

Question 5

OPEC oil crisis 1973

Answer 5

70s shift to eco. decolonization caused by this crisis

OPEC = oil-exporting countries stopped exporting (=oil embargo) oil to countries that supported Israel in Yom Kippur War
- sign of solidarity

Question 6

NIEO

Answer 6

1974
New International Economic Order
= proposal in the UNGA

he didn’t explain the nrs

1. right to regulate and control activities of multinational corporations
2. right to nationalize or expropriate foreign property
3. right to adopt economic system of choice
4. right ot achieve liberation from colonialism + reparations
5. fairer terms for exchange of raw materials vs manufactured goods
6. international economic and technical assitance to dev. coutnries, incl. transfer of tech.

= regulating or ceising control of operations of multinational corporations

wanted a welfare world: improve bargaining power, democr. decision making, wealth distribution

!!!EU countries got on board, but Reagan and Thatcher (US & UK) were against it -> NIEO proposal was crushed
- propaganda US, UK: TINA (there is no alternative) to capitalism and Western hegemony

third world coalition starts to unravel due to various internal disagreements

Question 7

the fall of Soviet communism

Answer 7

• prospect of ‘reform communism’ Gorbachev
  detente (diplomatic easing of East-West conflict)
  perestroika (restructuring the econ. (less comm.): more private enterprise, more consumer goods investment)
  glasnost (openness to political reforms, e.g. opposition parties)
  (ending Brezjnev doctrine: commitment to intervene in domestic politics in socialist states)
• uneven living standards across Soviet bloc (-> revos.)
• revolutions of 1989-91 (Poland, Hungary, East Germany, Czechoslovakia, Romania) = domino-effect

aug. 1991 = unsuccessful military coup against Gorbachev reformist gov.
member republics start seceding from union
Gorbachev resigns 25 dec. 1991 -> 26 dec. USSR dissolves

*there were/are problems of post-communist transition in the 1990s (e.g. new democrats were former comm. elites, large movements of people)
(velvet revolutions: soft revolutions: were relatively peaceful, big GDP dip + nationalist groups)

Question 8

neoliberalism /neoliberal globalization

Answer 8

1920s ->
Western business-intellectual elite

• called for a robust state and international institutions to ‘‘encase’’ markets against egalitarian redistribution (against democracy)
  contra socialism and welfare state + contra protective tariffs
  **free movement of goods and capital, but not of people
• (classic liberals had called for a weak state and non-interference in markets (laissz-faire))

entrepreneurial individualism: market yourself: competitive market logic extended to all spheres of life

neoliberal policies/globalization mid-70s = 3 elements

1. structural adjustment: IMF loans to dev. countries in exchange for austerity measures and deregulation
2. global supply change: outsourcing, improved logistics
3. financialization: growth in financial services and tertiary sector of econ. (+informal econ. + child labor)

Question 9

trends in global econ. dev.

Answer 9

1. global urbanization (led by China, India, West Africa)
   2019 more people in cities than in rural areas
   - slums: warehousing surplus humanity
2. European GDP and population in relative decline, Asia and Africa on the rise
3. declining global inequality, but rising inequality within nations
   global convergence
   - income vs wealth

Question 10

a typology of orders - Maersheimer

Answer 10

(he doesn’t know if it’s worth talking about in detail)

scope of membership

• international
• bounded

breadth and depth of coverage

• thick
• thin

kinds of international orders

• realist
• agnostic
• ideological (liberal)

new multipolar world =

• thin international order that facilitates cooperation (UN led)
• two bounded orders: one dominated by China, the other by US

Question 11

Maersheimer article

Answer 11

• LIO was doomed to fall, and was crumbling by 2019
  LIO: US supremacy, was supposed to spread democr. but doesn’t
• hyperglobalization (in this lecture: neoliberal globalization)
• he is a classical realist (talks about power distribution), not an ideolist
• history as scripture: history as stockpile of facts to prove his theory
• hard to place politically + was against war on terror (+ mentions failing Oslo accords)
• ideological orders can only exist in unipolar systems