Lecture 14: Cancer 2

Question 1

cancer arises from ___ tissue

Answer 1

normal

Question 2

plasias

Answer 2

growth & development

Question 3

Hyperplasia:

Answer 3

Tissue growth containing excessive numbers of cells

Question 4

Metaplasia:

Answer 4

tissue growth where cells appear abnormal

Question 5

neoplasia:

Answer 5

invasive, abnormal tissue growth

Question 6

Dysplasia:

Answer 6

tissue growth containing displaced but otherwise normal cells

Question 7

benign tumours are:

Answer 7

confined, well defined structures

Question 8

Malignant tumours are:

Answer 8

Early: dysplasia, anaplastic
Late: invasion metastasis

Question 9

metastasis

Answer 9

the development of secondary malignant growths at a distance from a primary site of cancer.

Question 10

benign tumour is one that:

Answer 10

grows locally, usually well differentiated + surrounded by a basement membrane/capsule and does not spread to other sites

Question 11

Malignant tumour is on that

Answer 11

breaks through it basement membrane and spreads (metastasises) to distant parts of the body -usually poorly differentiated

Question 12

Grading of malignant neoplasms: 1-4

Answer 12

1 = well differentiated 
2 = moderately differentiated 
3 = poorly differentiated 
4 = nearly anapaestic

Question 13

Adenocarcinoma

Answer 13

is a cancer originating in glandular tissue

Question 14

To effectively treat cancers..

Answer 14

…we would like to identify them at an early stage

Question 15

two hit hypothesis for tumour suppressor genes - who & dates?

Answer 15

knudson 1971

Question 16

two hit hypothesis for tumour suppressor genes :

Answer 16

-First proposed for retinoblastoma

• Person at risk of familial cancer
• -inherit the first “hit” in the germ cell
• -The 2nd ‘hit’ in somatic cells during mitotic recombination

-In person with sporadically occurring cancer
both “hits” occur in somatic cells

Question 17

Normal, heathy individual: Occasional cell inactivates one of its two good Rb genes

Answer 17

no tumour

Question 18

hereditary retinoblastoma:

• inherited mutant Rb gene
• occasional cell inactivates its only good Rb gene copy
• excessive cell proliferation leading to retinoblastoma

Answer 18

most people with inherited mutation develop multiple tumours in both eyes

Question 19

Non hereditary retinoblastoma:

• occasional cell inactivates one of its two good Rb genes
• the second copy of Rb is very rarely inactivated in the same line of cells
• excessive cell proliferation leading to retinoblastoma

Answer 19

only about 1 in 30,000 normal people develop one tumour in on eye

Question 20

cytogenetic analysis facilitated the identification of

Answer 20

retinoblastoma gene