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Introduction to Cell Physiology and Pharmacology > Lecture 14 + 15: ANS > Flashcards

Lecture 14 + 15: ANS Flashcards

1
Q

What is the general function of the ANS?

A

Control all involuntary functions

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2
Q

What are the 2 divisions of ANS?

A

Parasympathetic and sympathetic

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3
Q

What does the sympathetic nervous system do?

A

In stressful situations, activates flight or fight response

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4
Q

What does the parasympathetic nervous system do?

A

Regulate basal activities - rest and digest

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5
Q

What are the 5 anatomical divisions of the brain stem and spinal cord?

A 
Medullary 
Cranial 
Thoracic
Lumbar 
Sacral
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6
Q

Which anatomical divisions is the sympathetic nervous system linked to?

A

Thoracic and lumbar

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7
Q

Which anatomical divisions of the spinal cord is the parasympathetic system linked to?

A

Medullary

Sacral

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8
Q

Where does parasympathetic nerves originate in?

A

Lateral horn of medulla and sacral spinal cord

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9
Q

Where do sympathetic nerves originate in?

A

Lateral horn of lumbar and thoracic spinal cord

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10
Q

Describe the parasympathetic preganglionic fibers.

A

Long myelinated preganglionic fibers

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11
Q

Describe the parasympathetic postganglionic fibers.

A

Short unmyelinated postganglionic fibres

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12
Q

Describe the sympathetic preganglionic fibers.

A

Short myelinated preganglionic fibers

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13
Q

Describe the sympathetic postganglionic fibers.

A

Long unmyelinated postganglionic fibers

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14
Q

Where is the parasympathetic ganglia located?

A

Within innervated tissues

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15
Q

Where is the sympathetic ganglia located?

A

In paravertebral chain close to spinal cord

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16
Q

What are the 2 principle neurotransmitters in the ANS?

A

Acetylcholine

Noradrenaline

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17
Q

What neurotransmitter do parasympathetic and sympathetic pre ganglionic neurons use?

A

Ach

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18
Q

What kind of receptor is nicotinic Ach receptors?

A

Ligand gated ion channels

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19
Q

What neurotransmitter do parasympathetic post ganglionic neurons use?

A

Ach

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20
Q

What kind of receptors are post ganglionic receptors?

A

Nicotinic Ach receptors

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21
Q

What do parasympathetic post-ganglionic neurons release?

A

Ach

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22
Q

What kind of receptors are in the target tissue linked to parasympathetic system?

A

Muscarinic Ach receptors

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23
Q

What kind of receptors are muscarinic ACh receptors?

A

GPCRS

24
Q

What neurotransmitters do most sympathetic post-ganglionic neurons use?

A

Noradrenaline

25
Q

What does noradrenaline interact with?

A

Adrenoceptors

26
Q

What kind of receptors are adrenoceptors?

A

GPCR

27
Q

What neurotransmitter do some (less than majority) sympathetic post-ganglionic neurons use?

A

Ach

28
Q

What other kinds of transmitters are found in the ANS?

A

Non-adrenergic, noncholinergic transmittrs

29
Q

What are 2 non-adrenergic, non-cholinergic transmitters?

A 
ATP
Nitric acid (NO)
30
Q

What do sympathetic postganglionic neurons in the adrenal glands differentiate to form?

A

Neurosecretory chromaffin cells

31
Q

How do chromaffin cells work?

A

Upon sympathetic stimulation, they release adrenaline into the blood stream instead of projecting to a target tissue

32
Q

What are 3 types of tissues that parasympathetic release of Ach would affect?

A

Heart
Smooth muscle
Glandular

33
Q

What are 2 effects of parasympathetic stimulation on the heart?

A

Bradycardia (slowing of heart rate)

Reduced cardiac conduction velocity

34
Q

What are 5 effects of parasympathetic stimulation on smooth muscle?

A
  1. Bronchial contraction of airways
  2. Increased intestinal mobility or secretion
  3. Bladder contraction and relaxation
  4. Penile erection
  5. Ciliary muscle and iris sphincter contraction
35
Q

What is the effect of parasympathetic stimulation on glandular tissues?

A

Increased sweat, salivary, lacrimal secretions

36
Q

What are 4 types of tissue that sympathetic stimulation would affect?

A

Heart
Smooth muscle
Glandular
Kidney

37
Q

What are 2 effects of sympathetic stimulation on the heart?

A

Tachycardia - increased speed

Positive inotropy - increased force of contraction

38
Q

What are the 4 effects of sympathetic stimulation on smooth muscle?

A

Arteriolar and venous contraction
Bronchiolar intestinal and uterine relaxation
Bladder sphincter contraction
Radial eye contraction

39
Q

What is the effect of sympathetic stimulation on glands?

A

Increased salivary secretion

40
Q

What is the effect of sympathetic stimulation on kidney?

A

Renin release

41
Q

What are the 4 common sites of drug action during neurotransmission?

A
  1. Degradation of transmitter
  2. Interaction with post-synaptic receptors
  3. Inactivation of transmitter
  4. Re-uptake of transmitter
  5. Interaction with pre-synaptic receptors
42
Q

How is acetylcholine synthesised?

A

Acetyl CoA + choline makes acetylcholine using choline acetyltransferase (CAT)

43
Q

How is acetylcholine degraded?

A

Acetylcholine is degraded by acetylcholinesterase into acetate and choline

44
Q

What are 2 potential therapeutic interventions of cholinergic transmission?

A
  1. Ganglion-blocking drug

2. Acetylcholinesterase inhibitors

45
Q

What is an example of a ganglion blocking drug?

A

Trimethaphan used in hypertensive emergencies to produce controlled hypotension during surgery

46
Q

What are 2 examples of AchE inhibitors and what do they treat?

A

Pyridostigmine treats myasthenia gravis
Donepezil treats Alzheimer’s

Enhance actions of endogenous of released AcH

47
Q

What happens when a cholinergic drug has a lack of selectivity?

A

Unwanted side effects

48
Q

What are the effects of massive discharge of parasympathetic nervous system?

A

Salivation - stimulation of salivary glands
Lacrimation - stimulation of lacrimal glands
Urination - relaxation of urethral internal
Defecation
Gastrointestinal upset - diarrhea
Emesis - vomiting

49
Q

What are 4 triggers of SLUDGE syndrome?

A

Drug overdose
Magic mushrooms
Organophosphorus insecticides
Nerve agents

50
Q

What causes SLUDGE?

A

Prolonged stimulation of muscarinic acetylcholine receptors, in organs and muscles innervated by parasympathetic nervous system

51
Q

What are 3 drugs that can treat SLUDGE?

A

Atropine
Pralidoxime
Anti-cholinergic agents

52
Q

How is noradrenaline released?

A

Ca2+ dependent exocytosis

53
Q

Why does NA only have a limited time to influence adrenoceptors?

A

It is rapidly removed from synaptic cleft by noradrenaline transporter proteins

54
Q

What happens to NA that is not taken up into vesicles?

A

Metabolized by monoamine oxidase and catechism-O-methyltransferase

55
Q

What is an example of a adrenoceptor selective agonist?

A

Salbutamol is a beta 2 adrenoceptor selective agonist used in asthma to reverse bronchoconstriction

56
Q

Why is it important for the agonist to be selective?

A

Limit possible cardiovascular side effects

57
Q

What are happen to neurotransmitters at adrenergic synapses?

A
  1. Synthesized from tyrosine to DOPA to dopamine to noradrenaline
  2. Stored in vesicles
  3. Released
  4. After interaction, re up take into prejunctional terminal
  5. Either stored in vesicle or metabolized

Introduction to Cell Physiology and Pharmacology (16 decks)

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