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PSYCH 371 > Lecture 13: Working and Short Term Memory > Flashcards

Lecture 13: Working and Short Term Memory Flashcards

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1
Q

what are the 3 different temporal phases of explicit memory

A
  1. short term working memory
  2. long term memory
  3. ultra long term permanent memory
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2
Q

briefly explain short term working memory

A

memory that you are working on in the present in the ST and it can be maintained by rehearsing it

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3
Q

what is the mechanism for short term memory

A

maintenance of activity (reverberation) and short to intermediate term activity dependant synaptic changes (LTP)

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4
Q

what structures are involved in short term memory

A

prefrontal cortex
parahippocampal cortices

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5
Q

briefly explain long term memory

A

something is done to the brain which allows you to go back and access your info

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6
Q

what structure is involved in long term memory

A

hippocampus

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7
Q

what is the mechanism for long term memory

A

maintained synaptic changes (L-LTP), protein synthesis and anatomical growth

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8
Q

briefly explain ultra long term memory

A

memories that last like a lifetime and you can recall from even your earliest of times

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9
Q

what is the mechanism for ultra long term memory

A

consolidation of LTM ?

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10
Q

what are the structures for ultra long term memory

A

we dont know

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11
Q

what is the order of the model of memory processes

A

sensory input to brain

sensory memory (attention)

short term memory (with maintenance rehersal)

long term memory (with encoding and retrival)

ultra long term memory (consolidation)

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12
Q

what is the function of the sensory memory store

A

holds information long enough to be processed for basic physical characteristics

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13
Q

what is the capacity for the sensory memory store

A

can hold many items at once (infinite)

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14
Q

what is the duration of the sensory memory store

A

very brief
0.3s for visual iconic info
2-5s for auditory echoic info

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15
Q

is sensory memory preattentive or postattentive

A

preattentive, forms without even paying attention ex. reading when you look at words

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16
Q

what are the 2 types of sensory memory stores

A

auditory - echocic
visual - iconic

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17
Q

what is needed to transfer information to the working memory (consciousness)

A

attention - allows you to work on it

maintenance rehersal

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18
Q

what is the function of the working memory store

A

conscious processing of information where the info is actively worked on

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19
Q

what is the capacity of the working memory store

A

limited and can hold about 7ish items

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20
Q

what is the duration of the working memory store

A

brief storage (about 30s) but can be elongated through rehersal

ex. if youre not paying attention itll go away

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21
Q

how does memory go from short term to long term

A

it can be transferred through encoding and once there it can also be retrieved back again

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22
Q

what is the function of the long term memory store

A

organizes and stores information - modified to allow you to pull out information

has a more active form of encoding than working memory but a more passive form of storage

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23
Q

what is the capacity of the long term memory store

A

unlimited (?)

24
Q

what is the duration of the long term memory store

A

relatively long term (hours to months) but its still labile and forget details

25
Q

briefly explain ultra long term memory

A

to achieve true permanence, memories must be consolidated into ultra long term memory where retrival to short term memory can also occur from this store

26
Q

what is the function of the long term memory store?

A

further organizes and stores information - info that you need to maintain for life

more efficient recall and less labile

27
Q

what is the capacity and duration of the ultra long term memory store

A

we are not sure, but we think unlimited and permanent

28
Q

is short term working memory intact in amnestics

A

yes in HM, EP and RB

29
Q

is short term working memory a concious or unconcious representation

A

conscious as it is flexible and impermanent

30
Q

what is the cognitive psychology (baddeley) model for STM

A

specialized subsystems interacting with a central executive, which allows you to work on info from different categories

31
Q

what are the 2 specialized subsystems in the cognitive psychology model for stm

A
  1. phonological loop
  2. visio spatial sketch pad
32
Q

what was found about the cognitive psychology model for stm

A

these modalities dont appear to interact and seem independence due to a lack of interference

33
Q

what are 4 components that are necessary to have in the STM central executive

A
  1. integrates sensory modalities - especially vision&audition
  2. interfaces sensory and motor systems - organizes behavior
  3. has access to declarative memory structures

4 shows short term memory activity

34
Q

what region is considered the centtral executive for STM and why

A

prefrontal cortex (pFC)

gets activated with short term memory tasks alongside hpc and phpc but if youre missing this you arent really able to interact with the environment

35
Q

what working memory task was used that activates the prefrontal cortex

A

3 back task : you ask subjects to remember what happened three stimuli prior and try and match it

36
Q

what are the two types of the 3 back task

A
  1. spatial - visual stim
  2. verbal - go back to the g
37
Q

what was the task for the spatial memory condition in the 3 back task

A

maintain vision on the fixation dot and then match the stimuli to 3 prior, so the corner that the previous letter was in

38
Q

what was the task for the verbal memory condition in the 3 back task

A

remember the letter g no matter what corner it is in

39
Q

what side of the DLpFC does the spatial task activate

A

right hemisphere

40
Q

what side of the DLpFC does the verbal task activate

A

left hemisphere

41
Q

what test was used to test STM delay neurons in the pFC

A

occular spatial delayed response task

42
Q

describe the occular spatial delayed response task

A

monkey looks at a fixation dot and is given a stimulus outside its field of view , then they remove the fixation dot and ask monkey to move its eye where the dot was and then record the pFC neurons

43
Q

what was the result of the occular spatial delayed response task

A

neurons in partictular regions of the pFC show representation of information regarding future processes

—topographic based on visual field

44
Q

what other functions have been shown in the pfc (list 2)

A
  1. behavioural inhibition phineas gage
  2. executive function v memory - Wisconsin card sorting
45
Q

explain phineas gage and his injuries outcome

A

he was a railway worker and a rod exploded into his skull pfc lesion

he didnt show any short term deficits but had impacted personality as he had no behavioural inhibitions or restraints

46
Q

explain the wisonsin card sorting task

A

organize cards while getting feedback from the experimenter and learn what the principle is based on feedback

pFC lesions learn the original rule, but if the experimenter changes the rule like halfway through, the pFC damage will keep doing original

***inability to produce accurate motor responses to sensory input

47
Q

explain the interactions between the MTL and the pFC

A

there are direct outputs from the HPC to the pFC as they interact through the thalamus

48
Q

why did they test the time dependant interaction of the pFC and HPC in memory

A

test contrast effects of infusing drugs to see if there is another region that could be interacting

49
Q

where were the 4 diff cannulae placed in the time dep. interaction test

A
  1. can in pFC
  2. can in HPC
  3. can in pFC but lesion HPC
  4. can in HPC but lesion pFC
50
Q

what task did they use after the cannulae for the time dep interaction experiement

A

8 arm radial maze - delayed non matching to place

51
Q

explain the 8 arm radial maze in the time dep interaction experiment

A

rat goes down one arm and gets a treat and then goes back to middle, then block the animal in the centre for some time as a delay and then open up 2 arms (one original one new) and the rat has to pick the non visited arm

52
Q

what does the cannulae in the pFC show

A

nothing happens in the ST or LT, pFC doesnt do anything for memory

53
Q

what does the cannulae in the HPC show

A

can preform at a short delay but not long and start to preform at chance which shows that the HPC is good for episodic

54
Q

what does the cannulae in the pFC with HPC lesion show

A

cannot do anything and both ST and LT are up to chance

55
Q

what does the canulae in HPC with lesion in the pFC show

A

can perform at ST and LT delay

56
Q

explain the conclusion/significance of the time dependant interaction experiment

A

in the absense of the pFC, the HPC can do both ST and LT functions

in the absense of HPC, the pFC can substitute for ST

*shows that both structures are interacting for short term memory functions

PSYCH 371 (5 decks)

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