Lecture 13: The Military Revolution and Dynastic and Religious Wars Flashcards
True or False: Scholars disagree on why and how European/Western Eurasian warfare changed radically in the 16th and 17th centuries
True
What three things increased in the 14th-15th century armies?
- contractual arrangements
- small standing forces
- mercenaries
True or false: intense competition slowed down the development of military technology
False, it propelled it
Where was gunpowder invented and why didn’t it fully evolve?
In China, it was limited by context
Where did gunpowder later appear and what happened to it?
In the Europe/Near East, rapid innovation took place
What was a response to the development of artillery and what is its specific name?
The response was the changing of fortifications and it became a science, named “Trace Italienne”
What did armies look like around 1500?
large, paid, professional armies with a contractor component
True or false: the drilled infantrymen were typically upper class
False, they were of low status
How did navies develop?
Greater state intervention for building and maintaining warships as well as a growth in artillery
What enabled the Dutch to have such a large state capacity in finance?
financial reforms and more trade
Who was the first ruler to use large-scale linear warfare?
Maurice of Nassau
Which dynasty was largely held by some as a universal monarch?
Charles Habsburg
What was the result of the Dutch Revolt?
A north-south division of the Habsburg empire
Who invented the “middle way”
Queen Elizabeth I
What was the middle way?
A compromise between English catholics and protestants
What was a conflict resulting of the English Armada activities
The attempted invasion of England by Spain
What caused the 30 Years’ war?
When a Habsburg emperor attempted to impose catholic absolutism in Bohemia and its protestants, and they revolted
When was the treaty of Westphalia signed?
1648
What did the Treaty of Westphalia proclaim?
That the Habsburg rule was only theoretical and granted religious tolerance
What did states have to be in order to be competitive?
Wealth and centralization
