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Molecule to Malady > Lecture 13 - HIV Epidmiology, Virology > Flashcards

Lecture 13 - HIV Epidmiology, Virology Flashcards

1
Q

Number of people living with HIV currently

A

~35 million

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2
Q

Treatment coverage currently in Botswana

A

95%

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3
Q

Rate of HIV infection from injected drugs in Australia

A

Very low

From availability of clean needles

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4
Q

Proportion of Australian newly diagnosed HIV infections in men who have sex with men

A

~2/3

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5
Q

Most common method of HIV transmission world wide

A

Heterosexual contact (80 - 85%)

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6
Q 
Behavioural and social factors leading to HIV epidemic
1)
2)
3)
4)
5)
6)
A

1) Little to no condom use
2) Multiple sexual partners
3) Overlapping sexual partners
4) Large sexual network
5) Age mixing
6) Women dependent on marriage or prostitution

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7
Q 
Biological factors leading to HIC epidemic
1)
2)
3)
4)
A

1) Low level of male circumcision
2) High STI rates
3) HIV subtype
4) Host genetics

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8
Q

Family of viruses that HIV belongs to

A

Lentiviridae

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9
Q

Primate retrovirus closely related to HIV-2

A

SIVsm (Sooty Mangabey)

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10
Q

Primate retrovirus closely related to HIV-1

A

SIVcpz (Chimpanzee)

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11
Q

HIV size

A

80 - 130nM

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12
Q

HIV envelope

A

Envelope positive

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13
Q

HIV genome

A

Diploid, linear

10kb + sense ssRNA

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14
Q

Where is the HIV genome replicated?

A

Nucleus

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15
Q

Where is the HIV virus assembled?

A

Cytoplasm

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16
Q

Diseases caused by HIV

A

AIDS
Neurologic
Arthritis
Pneumonia

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17
Q

Components of a generic retroviral genome

A

gag
env
pol

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18
Q

Contents of gag genes

A

Structural proteins

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19
Q

Contents of env genes

A

Envelope proteins

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20
Q

Contents of pol genes

A

Viral enzymes

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21
Q

Examples of env proteins

A

gp120

gp41

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22
Q

gp120 funciton

A

Cell surface attachment

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23
Q

gp41 function

A

Membrane fusion domain

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24
Q

Examples of gag genes

A

p7
p17
p24

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25
Q

p17

A

MA matrix protein

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26
Q

p24

A

CA capsid protein

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27
Q

p7

A

NC nucleocapsid protein

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28
Q

MA matrix protein

A

p17

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29
Q

CA capsid protein

A

p24

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30
Q

NC nucleocapsid protein

A

p7

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31
Q

Examples of pol genes

A

p66
p32
p11

32
Q

p66

A

Reverse transcriptase

33
Q

Reverse transcriptase

A

p66

34
Q

p32

A

IN integrase

35
Q

IN integrase

A

p32

36
Q

p11

A

Protease

37
Q

Protease

A

p11

38
Q

Importance of knowing about HIV clades

A

Can trace epidemiology

Vaccines must be clade-specific

39
Q

Number of T cells activated at any one time

A

~5%

40
Q

Effect of HIV infection in active T cells

A

Kills T cell

41
Q

Effect of HIV infection in resting T cells

A

Latent in cell

42
Q

Proportion infected with R5 viruses

A

~95%

43
Q 
Stages of HIV infection
1)
2)
3)
4)
5)
6)
7)
8)
9)
A

1) CD4 binding
2) Coreceptor (CCR5, CXCR4) binding
3) Fusion
4) Viral genome reverse transcription
5) Viral genome integration into host genome
6) Viral genome transcription and translation
7) Viral assembly
8) Budding
9) Maturation

44
Q

Number of HIV particles produced in a host per day

A

~10 billion

45
Q

Effect of HIV infection of monocytes/macrophages

A

Slow release of virus

46
Q

R5 viruses

A

CCR5-tropic HIV virus

47
Q

X4 viruses

A

CXCR4-tropic viruses

48
Q

D/M viruses

A

CCR5 and CXCR4-tropic viruses

49
Q

Effect of CCR5-tropic viruses

A

Cause less T cell death

More common

50
Q

X4 viruses

A

Cause more T cell death

Emerge late in AIDS infection

51
Q

Proportion of AIDS patients with X4 virus

A

50%

52
Q

CCR5 mutation that may contribute to HIV immunity

A

CCR5 delta32

53
Q

What is delta32?

A

CCR5 mutant. HIV gp120 can’t bind to it
32bp deletion in CCR5 gene.
No negative effect on immune function

54
Q

Proportion of people of European descent with delta32

A

5-14%

1% are homozygous

55
Q

Where is delta32 rare?

A

Latin America
Sub-Saharan Africa
MIddle, East Asia

56
Q

APOBEC3G function

A

Detects foreign RNA, modifies it

57
Q

Which protein in humans edits foreign RNA?

A

APOBEC3G

58
Q

Where could HIV-infected monocytes be located?

A

1) Brain (glial cells)
2) Lungs (alveolar macrophages)
3) GIT
4) Bone-marrow monocyte precursors

59
Q

Role of macrophages in propagating HIV infection

A

Chronically infected, can serve as a viral reservoir

60
Q 
Cells infected by HIV
1)
2)
3)
4)
5)
A

1) CD4+ T cells
2) Macrophages/monocytes
3) Thymocytes
4) Dendritic cells
5) CD34+ progenitor cells

61
Q

HIV protein that inhibits APOBEC3G

A

vif

62
Q

What does vif inhibit?

A

APOBEC3G

63
Q

TRIM5alpha role

A

Blocks uncoating of viruses

64
Q

Which human protein blocks viral uncoating?

A

TRIM5alpha

65
Q

Which HIV feature inhibits TRIM5alpha?

A

Capsid

66
Q

Tetherin function

A

Prevents virus leaving cell

67
Q

Which human protein prevents virus leaving cell?

A

Tetherin

68
Q

Which HIV protein inhibits tetherin?

A

vpu

69
Q

What does vpu inhibit?

A

Tetherin

70
Q

LEDGF function

A

Tethers HIV to host chromatin

71
Q

How does HIV travel from mucosal surface to lymph node?
1)
2)

A

1) Taken up by dendritic cell

2) Dendritic cell takes HIV to lymph node, where HIV infects active and resting T cells

72
Q

Is the antibody response to HIV very effective?

A

No

73
Q

Immune response that controls HIV infection

A

CD8+ T cell

74
Q

What do tat, vpu and nef do?

A

Downregulate MHC expression

75
Q

Ways that HIV can avoid immune system

A

1) Mutation
2) Downregulating MHC presentation
3) Loss of effector cells
4) Latency
5) Reach privileged sites of viral replication

76
Q

Privileged sites of viral replication
1)
2)
3)

A

1) Brain
2) Testes
3) GIT

Molecule to Malady (35 decks)

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