Lecture 13: Common Repro & Genital Sx Procedures 1 (Exam 2) Flashcards
Define cryptorchid
A congenital failure of the testicle or testicles t descend into the scrotum
Define Testicular agenesis
Failure of testis dev
Define Episiotomy
Incision of the vulvar orifice to expose the vulva & vagina
Deine Episioplasty/vulvoplasty
Reconstruction of the vulva
Define pyometra
An accumulation of purulent material w/in the uterus
Define hydrometra
Uterine distention w/ watery secretion
Define mucometra
Uterine distention w/ mucoid secretions
Define hematometra
Uterine distention w/ bloody secretions
Define stump pyometra
Accumulation of purulent material in the vestiges of the uterus that remains after OHE
Define Vaginal prolapse/ hyperplasia
Occurs during estrus or proestrus as a result of edematous enlargement of vaginal tissue
Define Vaginal prolapse
Involves the 360 degree protrusion of mucosa (cranial to the urethral papilla)
Define Vaginal hyperplasia
May originate from a stalk of mucosa on the floor of the vagina (usually cranial to the urethral papilla)
Define a uterine prolapse
An eversion & protrusion of a portion of the uterus through the cervix into the vagina during or near parturition (rare in dogs)
What are the types of testicular agenesis? Is this rare
- One = monorchism
- Two = anorchism
- Yes it is rare
When are dogs & cats considered to have cryptorchidism
If there is no testicular descent by 2 M of age
Which type of cryptorchidism is more common
Unilateral cryptorchidism
What is the tx of choice for a cryptorchid
Bilateral castration
Why is bilateral castration the tx of choice
- Thought to be a sex linked autosomal recessive in dogs
- Retained canine testes are predisposed to neoplasia
What two types of tumors are more common in cryptorchids
- Seminomas
- Sertoli cell tumors
Describe where cryptorchid testicles can be located
- In the inguinal region (btw/ the ring & the scrotum in an ax px)
- Large inguinal fat pads may obstruct palpation
- Inguinal lymph nodes have been mistaken for retained testicles
- Can be found intra abdominal
What are ways that non palpable testes are located
- Exploratory laparotomy
- Laparoscopy
- Laparoscopically assisted
- Ultrasound
- LOOK IN THE INGUINAL RING
Which testicle is removed first
- The retained testicle first
- Don’t remove the descended testicle if you cannot find the retained testicle
Describe the exploratory tech for cryptorchids
- Ventral midline incision/entry
- Retroflex the urinary bladder
- Locate ductus deferens dorsal to the neck of the bladder (NOT THE URETERS)
- Follow the ductus deferens to the testicle
What is a major point of a vasectomy
- Should be discouraged as a means of the population control
- Only inhibits fertility
What is the preferred methoud for a percutaneous needle bx
Ultrasound guided
What are the three different needle bx that can be performed
- Percutaneous
- Trans-rectal fine needle aspiration
- Open bx (w/ needle or wedge)
What should be avoided during a prostatic bx
Damaging the prostatic urethra
When should the prostate not be bxed
If there is abscesses or cyst is suspected
What is an episiotomy
Incision of the vulvar orifice to expose the vulva & vagina
What are the indications for an episiotomy
- Exploration of the vagina
- Excision of vaginal masses
- Repari lacerations
- Modify congenital defects/strictures
- Facilitate manual fetal extraction (like a large single puppy litter in small dog)
- Expose the urethral papilla
What is an episioplasty/vulvoplasty
Reconstruction of the vulva
Why is episioplasty done
- When an excess skin fold around the vulva is causing perivulvar dermatitis &/or recurrent UTIs
- Usually in small fat dogs
What is the goal of a C-section
Remove all of the fetuses from the gravid uterus ASAP via hysterotomy w/out hurting fetuses & dam
What are the indications for a C-section
- Actual of potential dystocia from oversized, malpositions, or maldev fetus/fetuses
- Small pelvic canal b/c of prev fractures or just a naturally smal pelvis
- Uterine inertia
- Fetal putrifaction
What breeds are most commonly associated w/ C section
- English bulldogs
- Boston terriers
- French bull dogs
- Mastiffs
- Scottish terriers
When is a C-section w/out OHE done
- Breeding animals
- Cannot obtain owner permission for OHE
How is the px positions for a c section w/out OHE
Dorsal recumbency
T/F: The dam should be pre oxygenated if possible before induction
True
Describe what is done w/ the placenta during a c section w/out an OHE
- If the placenta has not separated gently pull it from the endometrium
- Do not forcibly separate the placenta from the uterine wall or severe hemorrhage may occur
- Palpate the pelvic canal & remove any fetus from this location
what should be done post delivery (after a c section w/out an OHE)
- Uterine contraction usually begin when the fetuses are removed
- Admin oxytocin or ergonovine maleate if they have not occured
- Compress the uterine walls & give oxytocin if endometrial hemorrhage is severe
- Lavage the external uterus to remove debris
What suture patterns should be used when closing a C section w/out an OHE
- Apposition pattern in a single layer simple continuous pattern
- Double layer appositional closure (the mucosa & submucosa followed by the muscularis & serosa)
- Appositional closure followed by a second layer inverting pattern
