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Body Logistics > Lecture 13- Bone, Bone Marrow , Vessels And Blood > Flashcards

Lecture 13- Bone, Bone Marrow , Vessels And Blood Flashcards

1
Q

State the 5 types of bones

A

Long

Short

Flat

Irregular

Sesamoid (sesame seed-like)

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2
Q

Structure of long bones

A
  • longer than they are wide

- includes femur (longest bone in the body ) and small bones in the finger

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3
Q

Where are long bones located ?

A

Mostly located in the appendicular Skeleton

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4
Q

Function of long bones

A

To support the weight of the body and facilitate movement

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5
Q

Structure of short bones

A

Approximately as long as they are wide

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6
Q

Location of short bones

A
  • wrist and ankle joints

- the carpals in the wrist (scaphoid) and the tarsals in the ankles (calcaneus)

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7
Q

Function of short bones

A

Short bones provides stability and some movement

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8
Q

Structure of flat bones

A

Somewhat flattened with roughly parallel opposite edge

Curved

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9
Q

Location of flat bones in the body

A
  • in the skull (occipital)
  • thoracic cage (sternum and ribs)
  • pelvis(ilium)
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10
Q

Functions of flat bones in the body

A
  • protects internal organs

- also provides large areas of attachments for muscles

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11
Q

Structure of irregular bones

A
  • vary in shape and structure
  • often have a fairly complex shape

E.g vertebrae

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12
Q

Function of irregular bones in the body

A
  • protects internal organs
  • vertebrae in the vertebrae column protects the spinal cord.
  • pelvis(sacrum) protects organs in the pelvic cavity
  • provides important ‘anchor’ points muscle groups
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13
Q

Structure of sesamoid bones

A

-small round bones that are found in the tendons of hands, knees and feet

E.g Patella -generated postnatally

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14
Q

Functions of sesamoid bones

A
  • protects tendons from stress and damage from repeated ‘wear and tear‘
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15
Q

A bones is made up of 2 different structures of bones. What are they ?

A

Cancellous bone

Compact bone

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16
Q

Features of a cancellous bone

A

Spongy

Spaces (medullary region ) are filled by red and yellow bone marrow

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17
Q

Features of compact bone

A
  • forms the external surfaces (around the edges)

- thin at the head and gets thick towards the middle

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18
Q

Key features of red bone marrow

A
  • full of developing blood cells
  • rich blood supply so its very red
  • only found in spongy Bone
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19
Q

Function of the red bone marrow ?

A

To replenish cells of the blood (haemopoiesis)

20
Q

Key features of yellow bone marrow?

A
  • full of adipocytes
  • poor blood supply => yellow
  • can differentiate into red blood cells, fibroblasts and myocytes
21
Q

Function of yellow bone marrow ?

A

Shock absorber and energy source

Can convert to red marrow

22
Q

What is meant by the term trabeculum (singular)?

A

Structures that surrounds the spaces containing bone marrow and blood vessels

23
Q

How do maturing cells leave the bone ?

A

They leave through the veins after being collected from the bone marrow due to the sinusoid always capillaries .

24
Q

How are platelets released ?

A

Platelets are released from a megakaryocyte via apocrine

25
Q

On entering circulation , how does RBCs travel?

A

They travel from

Venule -> intermediate vein -> larger vein ->vena cava

*newly formed WBCs take same route

26
Q

How long does it take red blood cells to become mature?

A

2 days

27
Q

What is the flow in the capillaries controlled by ?

A

Precapillary sphincters

28
Q

Where are the precapillary sphincters located and how do they work ?

A

Located between arterioles (smallest arteries ) and capillaries

  • contain smooth muscles so contraction occurs
  • when opened, blood flows freely to the capillary beds
  • when closed, blood is not allowed to flow through capillary beds
29
Q

Function of precapillary sphincters in the capillaries

A

Controls fluid exchange between the capillaries and the body tissues that takes place at the capillary bed

30
Q

State the 3 layers on the vein

A
  1. Tunica intima - endothelial cells
  2. Tunica media - elastic fibres and smooth muscle cells
  3. Tunica externa - elastic fibrous capsule
31
Q

How does the blood get to the heart at low pressure system ?

A

Relies on muscle contractions and valve to return blood to the heart

E.g calf muscles compress to aid movement against gravity

32
Q

State the 4 main types of Veins ?

A
  • pulmonary veins
  • systemic veins
  • superficial veins
  • Deep veins
33
Q

Role of pulmonary veins

A

Carry oxygenated blood from lungs to left atrium of the heart

34
Q

Role of systemic veins (Superior and inferior vena cava)

A

Return oxygen depleted blood from the rest of the body to the right atrium of the heart

35
Q

Role of valves in veins

A

Non return valves work against gravity to prevent backflow

36
Q

Location of superficial veins

A

Located close to the surface of the skin and re not located near a corresponding artery

37
Q

Location of deep veins

A

Located deep between tissues and are typically located near a corresponding artery with the same name

E.g Renal vein and renal artery

38
Q

3 main layers of arteries

A

Tunica intima - non fenestrated , elastic membrane lining and smooth endothelium

Tunica media - smooth muscle and elastic fibres
(Thicker in arteries than veins and has two distinct elastic layers )

Tunica externa - the strong outer covering composed of collagen and elastic fibres

*small lumen

39
Q

Arteries

Structure relating to function

A
  • strength and elasticity needed to withstand pulsing of blood, prevent bursting and maintain pressure wave
  • helps maintain high blood pressure by preventing blood flowing backwards
40
Q

Capillaries

Structure relating to function

A
  • no need for strong walls and most of pressure has been lost
  • thin walls and narrow lumen bring blood into close contact with body tissue thus allowing diffusion of materials between capillaries and surrounding tissue .
  • while blood cell can squeeze between cels of walls cause they are fenestrated
41
Q

Veins

Structure relating to function

A
  • no need for strong walls, as most of the blood pressure has been lost
  • wide lumen offers less resistance to blood flow
42
Q

Key features of collateral blood vessels

A
  • provide protection for tissues that may become compromised
  • provides alternate path for arterial blood flow
  • some generated due to reduced blood flow (ischaemia)
  • some produced during development

Takes tome to develop

43
Q

What is Vasculogenesis ?

Examples?

A

Formation of new blood vessels from angioplast precursors (bone marrows)

During embryo development (heart and primitive vascular plexus), newly formed cancers, endometriosis

44
Q

What is angiogenesis ?

Example?

A

Formation of new blood vessels from existing blood vessels

During feral development , collateral arteries , postnatal lung development

45
Q

Structure of the pericyte?

A
  • immature smooth muscle like cell
  • found inside basal Latina, close to basal membrane
  • key components of capillaries
  • have contractile properties
  • involved in nerve cell communication
46
Q

What are pericytes able to differentiate into?

A

Endothelial cell

Smooth muscle cell

Fibroblasts

47
Q

Functions of pericytes ?

A

Prevents endothelial cell proliferation

Maintains tight capillaries e.g blood brain barrier , in the retina etc

Body Logistics (6 decks)

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