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BI 401 Life & Endosymbiotic Theory > Lecture 13-16 > Flashcards

Lecture 13-16 Flashcards

1
Q

______ was a Lichenologist- study of lichens (a symbiosis b/w cyanobacteria and fungi), and Proposed theory of symbiogenesis-symbiotic relationships between simple cells can lead to the evolution of larger, more complex cells.

A

Konstantin Mereschkowski

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2
Q

_____ Proposed that mitochondria were bacteria

A

Ivan Wallin

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3
Q

______ Proposed that some organelles had bacterial origins

A

Lynn Margulis

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4
Q

What is 1st primary endosymbiosis?

A
  • host cell membrane, either bacteria pushed its way in or host started to engulf bacteria
  • host cell mem starts to close around the bacterium and reform
  • bacteria has its own mem still but the host mem as well
  • if the relationship becomes permanent, bacteria has an inner mitochond. Mem which is bacterial like, and a outer membrane which will be host like
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5
Q

What is the Evidence to Support an Endosymbiotic Origin of Mitochondria?

A

size
Morphology /shape
Double Membrane
Structure (outter em, inner mem, folds (crista to increase SA), matrix (essentially the cytoplasm

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6
Q

True or False: Bacteria and mitochondria have similar size and morphology.

A

True

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7
Q

How do mitochondria replicate? Is it simlar to bacteria?

A

Mitochondria and bacteria divide by binary fission
They form a division plane and use FtsZ proteins
Mitochondria can only be formed from pre-existing mitochondria

Yes, similar to bacteria

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8
Q

What are the characteristics of mitochondrial DNA?

A

Mitochondria contain their own DNA
Mitochondrial DNA is circular  bacterial origin
Mitochondrial DNA does not encode all of the proteins necessary for mitochondria to function
Mitochondrial DNA does not contain introns  bacterial origin
Mitochondrial DNA does not undergo recombination (only change by mutation)
Mitochondria contain multiple copies of DNA
–lots of variability

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9
Q

How does mitochondrial replication work?

A

Origin of rep (transcript start)
-as transcription start so does translation

-look to do things quick not careful

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10
Q

Where does your mitochondrial DNA come from?

A

Mom

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11
Q

How is mitochondrial DNA used as a “clock”?

A
  • direct ancestor that can be tracked
  • origin in AFRICA (we started as ppl in africa)
  • first migrations into asia and australia
  • then into northern parts of asia into northern north america to central and south america
  • also ppl from asia into pacific and then into south america
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12
Q

How does DNA barcoding work?

A

-used for identification
-attempting to build a large DNA data base so that the computer can be used in the field to scan DNA
Record info of what the organism is
Where it was found/ what time of yr
TISSUE SAMPLE
Sequence 1 of the genes of the genome (how is it same/ difference from other things in the database)

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13
Q

True or False: b/c all mitochond genome is coming from mother, if there is a bad allele often u won’t live past 4 or 5 yrs old

A

True

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14
Q

Parkinson’s, MS are examples of?

A

Mitochondrial disease

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15
Q

Prokaryotes and mitochondria have ______ ribosomes while eukaryotes have ______ ribosomes.

A

70s, 80s

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16
Q

True or False: ribosomes don’t operate by themselves there are accessory proteins that are used to help

A

True

17
Q

In initiating amino acid of proteins Eukaryotes start with ______ and prokaryotes and eukaryotes ______

A

”ATG” = methionine , still has methionine within but start with “N-formyl”

18
Q

What are the 5 complexes of the mitochondria electron transport chain

A

Complex 1- move protons from matrix to inter mem space
Complex 2- e- come in
Complex 3- takes in e- and pumps out protons into inter mem space
Complex 4- takes e- and protons with oxygen and makes water (moves protons from 1 side to matrix) high concentration of protons
Complex 5- ATP synthase = bring protons back over into the matrix but requires ATP in order to let them in

19
Q

True or False: Mitochondria have programmed cell death

A

True

20
Q

What are the key roles of mitochondria?

A

ATP synthesis coupled to electron transport
Translation of mitochondrial proteins
Iron-sulfur cluster biogenesis
Cell death

21
Q

What is the nucleus first mitochondria later model?

A

Two prokaryote cells merge together and form a nucleus

Cell takes up a bacteria cell that becomes the mitochondria (3 partners technically)

22
Q

WHat is the mitochondria co origin model?

A

Archaea and bacteria merge form eukaryotic cells that forms both nucleus and mitochondria (2 partners)

23
Q

Why doesn’t antibiotics attack mitochondria?

A

1) access to cell
2) access to outer mitochondrial membrane
3) transporter – mutated – AB resistant
Missing
4) DNA target gene gone or mutated
5) RNA target gene gone or mutated
6) 1943- Antibiotic resistance –> selective pressure –> mitochondria

24
Q

WHat are the 4 types of mitochondria like structure?

A

1 aerobic, 3 anaerobic (either everyone started anaerobic, and one evolved or vice versa)

Hydrogenosomes
- anaerobic, use pyruvate, not typical enzymes (TCA cycle), different electron transport chain (internal parasites, low oxygen)
Mitosome
- anaerobic, use pyruvate, not typical enzymes (TCA cycle), makes ethanol and acetate for ATP, not as efficient (intestinal parasites)

25
Q

______ is an example of a species that has hydrogenosomes + and endosymbiotic methanogen

A

Nyctotherus ovalis

26
Q

How does these different type of mitochondria like originate?

A

Alpha-protebacteria picked up by cell
Gene transfer and gene loss
A. Lose certain genes to environment (ie, TCA, electron transport) = hydrogenosome
B. no loss = mitochondria
C. Same as A but lose different set of genes to environment = mitosome

B loss of mitochondria, anaerobic takes its place
Gene loss = hydrogenosome
Different gene loss = mitosomal eukaryotic

27
Q

What is most like mitochondria today?

A

Rickettsia

28
Q

True or False: Photosystem I is older then Photosystem II

A

True

29
Q

True or False: Only cyanobacteria uses both RC1 & 2

A

True

30
Q

How does anaerobic photophosphorylation work?

A

Loss energy when passing electrons, gain energy from light (re-excited to high energy state) then transferred into high energy molecule (NADH)

31
Q

How did both RC get into the same cell?

A

Loss of switch keeps both 1 and 2 together, both running at the same time

BI 401 Life & Endosymbiotic Theory (4 decks)

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