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Biology > Lecture 13 & 14 : Blood > Flashcards

Lecture 13 & 14 : Blood Flashcards

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1
Q

Why is the blood called the fluid of Life, growth & health?

A
  • life : transports oxygen
  • growth : transports nourishment
  • health : transports disease fighting substances
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2
Q

What is blood?

A
  • a liquid tissue & transport medium
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3
Q

What are the functions of blood?

A
  • Transports cells, antibodies, and other humoral factors
  • Aids in maintaining water balance and pH
  • Helps regulate body temp.
  • carries platelets and factors that ensure clotting and prevent blood loss
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4
Q

What is the pH, density & quantity of human blood?

A
  • pH : slightly alkaline (7.40 +.05)
  • density: heavier than water ( 1.057 +.009)
  • Quantity: average of 5 liters of blood
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5
Q

What is the main composition of blood in humans?

A
  • Plasma :
  • liquid portion containing molecules, nutrients, wastes, salts and proteins.
  • Formed (cellular) elements :
  • RBCs (erythrocytes) + WBCs (leukocytes) and platelets (thrombocytes)
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6
Q

How can blood be separated?

A
  • By spinning the blood in a centrifuge with an anticoagulant added to prevent clotting.
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7
Q

How is the composition of blood divided?

A
  • formed cellular elements : occupy 45%, and settle at the bottom of the tube as a dense red pellet, containing red blood cells
  • Buffy coat of leukocytes and platelets ( less than 1%)
  • plasma : occupies 55% as a yellow colored liquid at the top of the test tube.
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8
Q

What will happen if an anticoagulant is not added?

A
  • the RBCs and WBCs will clot up and the plasma is called a serum.
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9
Q

What is the percentage, function and source of water in plasma?

A
  • 90% to 92%
  • maintains blood volume & transports molecules
  • absorbed from intestine
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10
Q

What is the percentage, function and source of plasma proteins in plasma?

A
  • 7% to 8%
  • maintains blood osmotic pressure and pH
  • liver
  • albumin : transports bilirubin
  • globulin : transports cholesterol and fights infection
  • fibrinogen : cloys blood
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11
Q

What is the percentage, function and source of salts and ions in plasma?

A
  • less than 1%
  • maintains blood osmotic pressure and pH, aids metabolism, regulates membrane permeability
  • absorbed from intestine
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12
Q

What is the function and source of gases in plasma?

A

Oxygen : cellular respiration & lungs

Carbon dioxide : end product of metabolism & tissue

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13
Q

What is the function and source of nutrients in plasma?

A
  • food for cells & Absorbed from intestine
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14
Q

What is the function and source of nitrogenous waste in plasma?

A

End product of metabolism & excreted by kidneys, the liver is the source.

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15
Q

What is the function and source of hormones and vitamins in plasma?

A

aids metabolism & variety of sources.

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16
Q

Describe Red Blood Cells:

A
  • small ( 7-8 um diameter )
  • bright red to dark purple
  • mature RBCs lack nucleus
  • 4-6 10^6 mm ul
  • 25 trillion RBCs exist per adult
  • each RBC contains 250 million hemoglobin molecules ( bright red protein )
17
Q

Describe hemoglobin in red blood cells

A
  • contain 4 globin protein chains, each with a heme ( iron containing group )
  • iron combines with oxygen and is carried in the blood
  • lack of RBCs causes anemia
18
Q

How does Hemoglobin function?

A
  • as blood passes the lungs, oxygen attaches to the hemoglobin
  • as blood passes tissue, the hemoglobin releases the oxygen ‘
  • the empty hemoglobin then bond with CO2 and other waste gases in the tissue and carry it away
19
Q

How are RBCs made? What is their life span and how are they destroyed?

A
  • made in the red bone marrow (skull,ribs,vertebrae and ends of long bones)
  • before a RBC leaves the bone marrow, it loses its nuclear and synthesize hemoglobin.
  • 120 days
  • destroyed mainly in the liver and spleen by phagocytes
20
Q

How are blood groups determined?

A
  • by the absence or presence of specific glycoproteins on the cell membranes of RBCs
  • classified by ABO and Rhesus factor
21
Q

What happens with an incompatible donor?

A
  • incompatible donors cause transfusion reaction, resulting in hemolytic anemia, renal failure, shock and death.
22
Q

How do you determine compatability?

A
  • Blood typing

Place a drop of anti A,B and Rh antibodies on a slide

Add a drop of the persons blood

If agglutination occurs, this is the person’s antigen on his RBCs

23
Q

What is agglutination?

A

The binding of an incompatible blood type, causing antigens and antibodies to combine

24
Q

What is Rhesus (Rh) factor ?

A
  • antigen D, Rh-positive people are 85% while Rh-negative are 15%
  • during pregnancy, if the baby is rh-positive and the mother is rh-negative, the mom’s anti-Rh antibodies may leak and destroy the child’s RBC’s
  • leading to brain damage, mental retardation and death of fetus.
25
Q

What are white blood cells ? What are their types?

A
  • WBCs fight against infection and contain a nucleus.

- Granulocytes and Agranulocytes

26
Q

What are Granulocytes?

A
  • have granules in the cytoplasm.

- 3 types : neutrophils, eosinophils and Basophils

27
Q

What is the size, percent, shape and function of neutrophils?

A
  • 10-14 um
  • 40-70%
  • spherical cells with multi-lobed nuclei
  • fine pink granules in cytoplasm
  • phagocytize pathogens
28
Q

What is the size, percent, shape and function of eosinophils?

A
  • 10-14 um
  • 1-4%
  • spherical cells with bilobed nuclei
  • coarse, deep red uniformly sized granules
  • phagocytize antigen antibody complexes and allergens
29
Q

What is the size, percent, shape and function of neutrophils?

A
  • 10-12 um
  • 0-1%
  • lobed nuclei
  • large irregularly shaped deep blue granules
  • contains heparin, preventing blood from clotting too quickly
  • releases histamine, promoting blood flow to injured tissues
30
Q

What are Agranulocytes?

A
  • contain no Granulocytes in the cytoplasm

- lymphocytes and monocytes

31
Q

What is the size, percent, shape and function of lymphocytes?

A
  • 5-17 um
  • 20-45%
  • large round nuclei
  • Two types, T & B
  • responsible for specific immunity
32
Q

What is the size, percent, shape and function of monocytes ?

A
  • 10-24 um
  • 4-8%
  • kidney shaped, round, or loved nuclei
  • become macrophages that phagocytize pathogens and cellular debris
33
Q

What are Platelets (thrombocytes) ?

A
  • 2-4 um
  • disc shaped cell fragments with no nuclei
  • purpled granules in cytoplasm
  • involved in blood clotting or coagulation
  • produced in red bone marrow 200 billion per day
  • are formed by building off from large cells called megakaryoctes, each producing 5-10 thousand platelets
  • circulate for 1 week and then destroyed by the spleen and liver
34
Q

When does blood clotting occur?

A
  • when a blood vessel is damaged, the loss of blood must be stopped
  • achieved by solidification of blood ( coagulation or clotting )
  • 12 clotting factors in the blood
35
Q

How does blood plotting occur?

A
  • platelets go to site of damage and form a plug
  • the platelets and damaged cell release a prothrombin activator
  • fibrin threads then form a mesh work to prevent RBCs from leaving
36
Q

What is Hematopoisis

A
  • the process where all blood cells are manufacture by stem cells.

Biology (7 decks)

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