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286 > Lecture 13 & 14 > Flashcards

Lecture 13 & 14 Flashcards

1
Q

Does water or land have a greater heat capacity

A

Water

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2
Q

Can solar radiation penetrate further into land or water, therefore spreading energy at a greater depth

A

Water

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3
Q

Is latent or sensible heat dominant for water

A

Latent

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4
Q

Is Q* larger over water or land?

A

Water- has a lower albedo

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5
Q

Effectiveness of QE and QS mean that Qh …

A

is small

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6
Q

During the day, is land or sea warmer?

A

Land

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7
Q

At night, is land or sea warmer?

A

Sea

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8
Q

What is the marine thermal characteristics similar to?

A

The soil temperature profile

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8
Q

What is the marine thermal characteristics similar to?

A

The soil temperature profile

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9
Q

Why is there no sea breeze in the morning?

A

Sun still rising, no temperature differences between land and water, so no pressure differences mean no circulation

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10
Q

What breeze develops during the day?

A

The sea breeze

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11
Q

What breeze develops at night?

A

The land breeze

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12
Q

What kind of conditions are conducive to SB-LB occurrence?

A

Strong thermal difference between land and sea
high SW radiation input (little clouds), weak synoptic scale winds

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12
Q

What kind of conditions are conducive to SB-LB occurrence?

A

Strong thermal difference between land and sea
high SW radiation input (little clouds), weak synoptic scale winds

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13
Q

Characteristics of sea breezes - temperate climates eg South Island

A

typical windspeeds of 2 to 5 ms-1
typical inland extent of 30-50 km

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14
Q

characteristics of sea breezes - tropical climates

A

> 300 km inland extent

15
Q

the sea breeze front

A

associated with the development of cumulus cloud, may be sufficient uplift to lead to precipitation

16
Q

direction of breeze

A

initially perpendicular, but influenced by Earth’s rotation / Coriolis force so may become parallel with coast by late afternoon

17
Q

Implications of sea breezes

A

Relief from high temperatures, disperse pollution

18
Q

Lake breeze cause

A

Land will warm faster than the lake during the day so onshore lake breezes may result

19
Q

Generally, the active surface is elevated so that zero plane displacement =

A

d=2/3h

20
Q

Does albedo of a stand decrease higher or lower in the canopy?

A

Decreases with height

21
Q

Effects on SW radiation in vegetation

A

Albedo, shading, skyview factor

22
Q

Effects on LW radiation in vegetation

A

the larger skyview factor, the more LW radiation is retained.

23
Q

Effects of vegetation on energy balance

A

Q*=QH+QE+QS+QP+QA

24
Q

What is Qp

A

biochemical energy storage due to photosynthesis

25
Q

The energy balance of vegetated surfaces- QE

A

most dominant flux

26
Q

The energy balance of vegetated surfaces- QH

A

flux is reversed because high evaporation keeps the crop cool

27
Q

The energy balance of vegetated surfaces- QG

A

no QG - ground is shaded so heat storage is soil is small

28
Q

The energy balance of vegetated surfaces- QS

A

relatively small heat stored inside crop

29
Q

Is the forest a heat sink at day or night

A

Day

30
Q

Is the forest a heat source at day or night

A

Night

31
Q

Why is it not always possible to generalise vegetation effects on energy balance?

A

Diversity of vegetation species and vegetation structures
Stand architecture
Vertical differences
Orientation of principal exchange surfaces

32
Q

Precipitation in forests: stem flow

A

Water drained along leaves, branches to tree stem

33
Q

Precipitation in forests: canopy drip

A

Water directed to the edge of tree

34
Q

Precipitation in forests: interception

A

Water held in the canopy

35
Q

Precipitation in forest: water extracted from…

A

the atmosphere

36
Q

Vegetation effects on wind speed

A

Wind speed approaches zero well above the ground surface

37
Q

Why are wind and turbulence in canopies important?

A

Momentum transfer - wind load & wind throw
Land atmosphere interactions - global biogeochemical cycles, energy balance, water use and evapotranspiration
Dispersion - dispersion of pollen, forest fires, air pollution

286 (7 decks)

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