Lecture 12 - Social Cues: Eye Contact

Question 1

Mention 5 gaze behaviors:

Answer 1

1. Gazing
2. Staring
3. Glancing
4. Mutual gaze
5. Eye contact

Question 2

What is gazing?

Answer 2

looking at something or someone

Question 3

What is staring?

Answer 3

Persistantly looking at something/someone, regardless of the behavior of that thing or person

Question 4

What is glancing?

Answer 4

Looking for a short period of time

- gaze duration, gaze frequency

Question 5

What is mutual gaze?

Answer 5

Simultaneously looking at each others’ face

Question 6

Eye contact

Answer 6

Simultaneously looking at each other’s eyes and being aware of it

Question 7

In what types of activities do gaze cues play an important role (5)?

Answer 7

providing information
regulating interaction
expressing intimacy
social control
service tasks

Question 8

What kind of information can be provided with gaze cues (6)?

Answer 8

liking and attraction
attentiveness
dominance
competence
social skills and mental health
credibility

Question 9

What information / research findings are found for social control as gaze cue?

Answer 9

people increase their gaze when trying to be more persuasive
increase gaze when lying
people gaze more when trying to make friends
people exert dominance by gazing
gaze aversion communicates submissiveness and appeasement
people comply more to requests from gazing experimenters than non-gazing ones

Question 10

What kind of information is provided with gaze for service tasks?

Answer 10

Information seeking
Interpersonal interactions
Cooperation and bargaining

Question 11

factors influencing gaze behaviors (4):

Answer 11

1. personal factors
2. experiential factors (mood, attractiveness)
3. relational factors
4. situational factors

Question 12

most important for robots is that proper gaze behaviour …:

Answer 12

facilitates communication
enhances trust/persuasiveness
improves user experience/user acceptance

Question 13

What is the difference between gaze direction perception and eye contact perception?

Answer 13

Gaze direction is the judgement of the direction in which the eyes of the looker are pointing

While eye contact is the perception or sensation of being looked at

Question 14

What are the differences in perception of gaze direction between real 3D faces and pictures?

Answer 14

3D faces

• judged gaze direction is approximately correct
• a relative position is taken into account

pictures of faces

• judgement based on pictorial cues
• relative position in the world is ignored
• non-euclidean geometry

Question 15

What is the Wollaston effect?

Answer 15

perception of gaze direction depends on both the perception of the head rotation, and the eye rotation

Question 16

Explain the Mona Lisa effect

Answer 16

It looks like Mona Lisa is always following you around in space

Question 17

What can gaze directions not be used for?

Answer 17

To mimick gaze direction

Question 18

Where does the 95% confidenc interval for eye contact approximately lie?

Answer 18

About 8 degrees

Question 19

What is the REC?

Answer 19

Region of eye contact (about 8 degrees)

Question 20

Why is the cone of gaze truly a cone of gaze?

Answer 20

because there is almost no effect of distance on angular size, meaning it really is a cone of gaze! (7-10 degrees)

Question 21

In order for a robot to make eye contact it must:

and with what can you accomplish this?

Answer 21

look at the human observer
monitor gaze direction of the human looker

Face tracking in combination with sound localization and motion detection

Question 22

Why use gestures and colored eye LEDs?

3 reasons

Answer 22

1. enhances entertainment value
2. makes robot appear more alive and natural
3. presumably leads to higher acceptance

Question 23

What must the robot understand for multiparty dialogs?

Answer 23

1. turn-taking

2, joint attention

Question 24

Name the 3 implicit rules of turn-taking

Answer 24

1. assigned selection, speaker selects the next speaker
2. self-selection, speaker waits for another speaker to speak
3. re-selection, speaker speaks again after waiting when nobody responds

Question 25

Three types of gaze-based turn-taking strategies:

Answer 25

1. conservative
   - waits for gaze and one second of silence -> quite natural
2. asservative
   - gaze and silence = immediate turn take
   - way to hurried and annoying, impolite, etc
3. adaptive
   - wait for gaze to take turn after x deiay
   - rude, impolite, dominant

Question 26

Why are many of the robot results not usable in multi-party situations?

Answer 26

Eye flash, stopping arm movements, staying silent, etc does not inform about who needs to speak, only the gaze cue does