Lecture 12 - Social Cues: Eye Contact Flashcards
Mention 5 gaze behaviors:
- Gazing
- Staring
- Glancing
- Mutual gaze
- Eye contact
What is gazing?
looking at something or someone
What is staring?
Persistantly looking at something/someone, regardless of the behavior of that thing or person
What is glancing?
Looking for a short period of time
- gaze duration, gaze frequency
What is mutual gaze?
Simultaneously looking at each others’ face
Eye contact
Simultaneously looking at each other’s eyes and being aware of it
In what types of activities do gaze cues play an important role (5)?
providing information regulating interaction expressing intimacy social control service tasks
What kind of information can be provided with gaze cues (6)?
liking and attraction attentiveness dominance competence social skills and mental health credibility
What information / research findings are found for social control as gaze cue?
people increase their gaze when trying to be more persuasive
increase gaze when lying
people gaze more when trying to make friends
people exert dominance by gazing
gaze aversion communicates submissiveness and appeasement
people comply more to requests from gazing experimenters than non-gazing ones
What kind of information is provided with gaze for service tasks?
Information seeking
Interpersonal interactions
Cooperation and bargaining
factors influencing gaze behaviors (4):
- personal factors
- experiential factors (mood, attractiveness)
- relational factors
- situational factors
most important for robots is that proper gaze behaviour …:
facilitates communication
enhances trust/persuasiveness
improves user experience/user acceptance
What is the difference between gaze direction perception and eye contact perception?
Gaze direction is the judgement of the direction in which the eyes of the looker are pointing
While eye contact is the perception or sensation of being looked at
What are the differences in perception of gaze direction between real 3D faces and pictures?
3D faces
- judged gaze direction is approximately correct
- a relative position is taken into account
pictures of faces
- judgement based on pictorial cues
- relative position in the world is ignored
- non-euclidean geometry
What is the Wollaston effect?
perception of gaze direction depends on both the perception of the head rotation, and the eye rotation
Explain the Mona Lisa effect
It looks like Mona Lisa is always following you around in space
What can gaze directions not be used for?
To mimick gaze direction
Where does the 95% confidenc interval for eye contact approximately lie?
About 8 degrees
What is the REC?
Region of eye contact (about 8 degrees)
Why is the cone of gaze truly a cone of gaze?
because there is almost no effect of distance on angular size, meaning it really is a cone of gaze! (7-10 degrees)
In order for a robot to make eye contact it must:
and with what can you accomplish this?
look at the human observer
monitor gaze direction of the human looker
Face tracking in combination with sound localization and motion detection
Why use gestures and colored eye LEDs?
3 reasons
- enhances entertainment value
- makes robot appear more alive and natural
- presumably leads to higher acceptance
What must the robot understand for multiparty dialogs?
- turn-taking
2, joint attention
Name the 3 implicit rules of turn-taking
- assigned selection, speaker selects the next speaker
- self-selection, speaker waits for another speaker to speak
- re-selection, speaker speaks again after waiting when nobody responds
Three types of gaze-based turn-taking strategies:
- conservative
- waits for gaze and one second of silence -> quite natural - asservative
- gaze and silence = immediate turn take
- way to hurried and annoying, impolite, etc - adaptive
- wait for gaze to take turn after x deiay
- rude, impolite, dominant
Why are many of the robot results not usable in multi-party situations?
Eye flash, stopping arm movements, staying silent, etc does not inform about who needs to speak, only the gaze cue does
