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Biochem > Lecture 12- Introduction to Signaling > Flashcards

Lecture 12- Introduction to Signaling Flashcards

1
Q

In terms of speed of intracellular responses, how do they occur?

A

They can occur slowly or rapidly.

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2
Q

What does signaling require and what carries out signaling?

A

Signaling requires catalysis and is carried out by enzymes.

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3
Q

What removes terminal phosphates added by kinases, thereby reversing their effects?

A

Phosphatases.

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4
Q

What would be a rapid intracellular response to a signal?

A

A signal that alters the function of a protein, like an ion channel.

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5
Q

What would be a slow intracellular response to a signal?

A

A signal that causes changes in gene expression.

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6
Q

Signaling events utilize what 2 molecular switches?

A

Kinases and GTPases.

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7
Q

What transfers the terminal phosphate of ATP to other proteins in a process called phosphorylation?

A

Protein kinases.

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8
Q

What are kinases and GTPAses examples of?

A

They are examples of molecular switches for signaling events.

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9
Q

What are protein kinases?

A

They are enzymes that transfer the terminal phosphate of ATP to other proteins in a process called phosphorylation.

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10
Q

When GTPases are bound to GTP, are they on or off?

A

On.

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11
Q

What are the two classes of kinases?

A

Serine/Theronine kinase and Tyrosine kinase.

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12
Q

How are kinases and phosphatases regulated?

A

By other kinases or phosphatases.

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13
Q

What do GTPases do?

A

They are molecular switches that bind and hydrolyze GTP.

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14
Q

What binds and hydrolysis GTP?

A

GTPases.

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15
Q

When GTPases hydrolyze their bound GTP, are they on or off.

A

Off.

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16
Q

When are GTPases in the “ON/Active” state? When are they in the “OFF/Inactive” state?

A

When GTPases are bound to GTP; When GTPases hydrolyzes their bound GTP.

17
Q

What do phoshphatases do?

A

Phosphatases remove the terminal phosphate added by kinases, thereby reversing their effects.

18
Q

What is a generic signaling pathway?

A

Extracellular signaling molecule->receptor protein->intracellular receptor protein->effector protein.

19
Q

What receives extra cellular signals?

A

A receptor protein.

19
Q

What is the basic structure of a G-protein linked receptor?

A

A single polypeptide chain that crosses the plasma barrier 7 times.

20
Q

What controls specificity of intracellular signaling cascades and insures that intracellular cascade signals are related efficiently?

A

Scaffold proteins.

21
Q

What are the two kinds of GTPases?

A

Trimeric GTPases and small GTPases.

22
Q

What relays signals from cell surface receptors?

A

Intracellular signaling cascades.

23
Q

What are trimeric GTPases?

A

They are found in a complex with two other proteins and relay signals from G protein-linked receptors.

24
Q

Which of the two kinds of GTPases act as monomers and relay intracellular signals?

A

Small GTPases.

25
Q

What are examples of modular boning domains?

A

SH2 (Src homology domain 2), PTB (phosphotyrosine binding), which both bind to phosphorylated tyrosines, SH3 (Src homology domain 3), which binds to short proline sequences, and PH (Pleckstrin homology), which bind to phosphoinositides.

25
Q

What are G-protein-linked receptors?

A

Large family of receptor proteins that mediate many different signaling events.

26
Q

Which kind of GTPase is found in complex with two other proteins and relays signals from G protein-linked receptors?

A

Trimeric GTPases.

27
Q

What has the basic structure of a single polypeptide chain the crosses the plasma membrane 7 times?

A

G-protein-linked receptors.

29
Q

Signaling complexes are often assembled by what?

A

Modular binding domains.

33
Q

What do intracellular signaling complexes do?

A

They enhance the speed, efficiency, and specificity of signaling.

35
Q

What do scaffold proteins do?

A

They bring together specific protein kinases to relay the signal effectively. They also control specificity by ensuring that kinases only signal to proteins bound to the scaffold.

36
Q

How do scaffolds control specificity?

A

They ensure that kinases only signal to proteins bound to the scaffold.

37
Q

Conceptually, what do intracellular signaling cascades do?

A

They relay signals from cell surface receptors.

38
Q

What is the term for “a large family of receptor proteins that mediate many different signaling events.”

A

G-protein-linked receptors.

39
Q

SH2 and PTB, SH3, and PH are examples of what?

A

Signaling complexes.

40
Q

What are often assembled by modular binding domains?

A

Signaling complexes.

41
Q

What do Small GTPases do?

A

They act as monomers and relay intracellular signals.

42
Q

How are GTPases regulated?

A

By GAPs and GEFs.

Biochem (8 decks)

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