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Tissues of the Body > Lecture 1.2: Histology > Flashcards

Lecture 1.2: Histology Flashcards

1
Q

What is histology?

A

It is the study of the microscopic structure of tissues.

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2
Q

Why is it necessary to preserve fresh tissue? (4)

A

To prevent putrifaction

To preserve proteins

To maintain structure

To preserve nucleic acids

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3
Q

Why is it difficult to cut thin sections of fresh tissue? How to combat this issue?

A

Fresh tissue is soft and will lose its integrity as the microtome blade passes through it

Fixation process
Embedding
Cryopreservation

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4
Q

Which methods allow for effective sectioning of tissues?

A

Cyropreservation (freezing)

Embedding in a solid medium such as wax/ plastic

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5
Q

What is the process of Embedding?

A

1) The biopsy must first be fixed (e.g. formaldehyde)
2) Ethanol (70-100%) used to dehydrate the biopsy
3) Xylene/ Toluene used for clearing
4) Then the biopsy can be embedded into wax (at 56 degrees Celsius)

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6
Q

On which component of cells to fixatives act?

A

Proteins generally

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7
Q

Name 3 common fixatives

A

Alcohol

Formaldehyde

Glutaraldehyde

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8
Q

Most common dehydrating agent?

A

Alcohol

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9
Q

Most commonly used basic dye? What does it stain?

A

Haematoxylin (dyes purple)

It stains nucleic acids (DNA, RNA)

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10
Q

Most commonly used acidic dye? What does it stain?

A

Eosin (dyes pink/red)

It stains proteins

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11
Q

Periodic Acid Schiff (PAS)

A

Dyes a deep red/magenta
Stains mucin, glycogen, complex carbohydrates and glycoproteins

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12
Q

Which stain is most effective at discriminating connective tissue structure when combines with cross-polar microscopy?

A

Sirius Red

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13
Q

Which dye most effectively stains connective muscle and tissue?

A

Masson’s trichrome

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14
Q

Which dye most effectively stains glycoprotiens?

A

PAS

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15
Q

Which dye(s) most effectively stains general tissue organisation?

A

Haemotoxylin and Eosin

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16
Q

Which dye(s) most effectively stains different immune cells?

A

Giemsa (or Wright’s)

17
Q

Which dye most effectively stains reticular proteins?

A

Silver Stain

18
Q

Which dye(s) most effectively stains elastic fibres?

A

Van Gieson or orcein

19
Q

What is the study of the identification and distribution of chemical compline’s within and between cells, by means of stains, indicators and microscopy called?

A

Histochemistry

20
Q

Reveals structure in unfixed and unstained (often live) sample by exploiting retardation of light as it passes through specimens

A

Phase contrast microscopy

21
Q

Detects light emitted by UV-illuminated specimens, allowing identification of specific spotters immunolabelled with dyes such as fluorescein

A

Fluorescence microscopy

22
Q

Provides high resolution imaging by passing a high-energy beam of electrons through a very thin section

A

Transmission Electron Microscope (TEM)

23
Q

Scattered light from samples illuminated from the side reveals structure in unstained specimens

A

Dark field

24
Q

A technique used to reveal collagen organisation in picrosirius stained specimens

A

Cross-polar microscopy

25
Q

Routine study of stained sections

A

Bright-field microscopy

26
Q

Provides high resolution images of surfaces by passing an electron beam across a sample prepared with heavy metals

A

Scanning electron microscope

27
Q

Uses laser illumination and a pinhole to allow capture of optical sections

A

Confocal microscopy

28
Q

Exploits interference patterns of refracted light to create an impression of depth in unstained and unfixed specimens

A

Differential (or Nomarski) interference microscopy

29
Q

When is a smear biopsy used?

A

Cervix
Buccal Cavity

30
Q

When is a curettage biopsy used?

A

Endometrial lining of uterus

31
Q

When is a needle biopsy used?

A

Brain
Breast
Liver
Kidney
Muscle

32
Q

When is a direct incision biopsy used?

A

Skin
Mouth
Larynx

33
Q

When is a endoscopic biopsy used?

A

Lung
Intestine
Bladder

34
Q

When is a transvascular biopsy used?

A

Heart
Liver

35
Q

Nissl bodies

A

Using appropriate stains, the RER and free ribosomes appear as basophilic, granular areas called Nissl bodies

These are sites of protein synthesis

Are abundant in large nerve cells such as motor neurones

36
Q

Chromatolysis

A

Refers to the disintegration/ dispersal of Nissl bodies following motor neurone injury

37
Q

Breslow Thickness

A

Measures depth of melanoma invasion from granular layer of epidermis:

<1mm 95-100%
1-2mm 80-96%
2.1-4mm 60-75%
>4mm 37-50%

Tissues of the Body (18 decks)

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