Lecture 12- Ethics Flashcards
What is the historical use of animals in bio research?
Record of animal use starts w/ Roman/Greek to answer anatomy questions, but medicinal use picked up in the renaissance eg blood flow
What are the general principles of animals in bio research?
Supports the Responsible Use of Animals as Experimental subjects when no other reasonable option exists and often for medicine use such as diseases and disorders of the nervous system
What is required when using animals in bio research?
-Minimum number required to obtain valid use
-If more than momentary or slight pain then must be under anaesthesia,
-If appropriate, animal should be humanely euthanised,
-Aim for minimum stress, pain, discomfort.
What are the 3 historical benefits of animal use in bio research?
Medical advancements- help understand anatomy, cardiovascular +nervous systems.
Psychological advancements- Understanding learning + memory systems, brain and behaviour interactions, understanding + treatment of disorders.
Veterinary advancements
What are current benefits of animal research?
Transplants as over 50,000 people now alive thanks to organ donation and transplant, first success in 1954
What is the historical uses of humans in bio research?
Experimented on poor people, slaves, prisoners of war, mentally ill
-High Royds Hospital is a former psychiatric hospital in Yorkshire, England. The hospital, which opened in 1888, closed in 2003 and was considered a madhouse.
Eg bloodletting, isolation, lobotomy, trephination
What is required when using human ppts in bio research?
-Minimum number required to obtain valid use
-More than momentary or slight pain needs to be under anaesthesia
-No LT damage
-Reward needs to be worth risk
-Informed consent of procedure
What are ethical hurdles in research?
Research often uses animal subjects, often done before birth or in early years so has potentially unforeseen LT consequences.
What happened in the Neubauer twin experiments?
-Triplets kept apart from birth and raised in wildly different circumstances, highly unethical but interesting for genetic research.
What happened within contemporary gynaecology?
Roots of medical practice can be linked to experiments done on slaves so highly unethical
What happened in the Los Alamos Plutonium experiment?
Between 1945 – 1947, 18 people were unknowingly injected with plutonium during unrelated GP visits
What happened in the Tuskegee syphillis experiment?
Individuals infected with syphilis and lied to about treatment, fueled congress-lead legislation within the USA.
What happened with HeLa cells?
Unknowingly had ‘immortal’ cells harvested and circulated, regarded as historical wrong by many authors.
