Lecture 1+ 2- neuroanatomy Flashcards
What are the aspects of the Central Nervous system (CNS)
Brain and spinal cord
What are the aspects of the Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)
-Nerves eg sensory/motor pathways
-Everything else
What are the aspects of the brain?
-Cerebellum, Cerebrum, Brain stem
-Two hemispheres
What are the anatomical directions?
Top= Superior, dorsal
Left= Anterior, rostral
Right= Posterior, caudal
Bottom= Inferior, ventral
What are the definitions of Medial and Lateral?
Medial= Toward middle
Lateral= Toward the side
Describe the types of matter
Grey- Cell bodies and dendrites eg basal ganglia, thalamus
White- Myelinated axons eg corpus callosum
Definition of corpus callosum
A ‘hard body’
The largest fibre bundle/pathway that connects two brain hemispheres
What is involved in the nervous system protection and 3 aspects involved?
Meninges- 3 layers of tissue to protect CNS
Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)- Clear liquid that fills subarachnoid space (shock absorber + buoyancy)
-Dura mater, Arachnoid membrane, Pia mater
What is involved in the ventricular system?
Ventricles- Hollow cavities filled with CSF. An exchange of materials between blood vessel and tissue
What is the blood-brain barrier?
-A semi permeable barrier in which lipid soluble substances can pass through but large molecule substances must be actively transported through walls
What is the purpose of brain-blood barrier?
Maintain stable environment, protection from disruptive/damaging chemicals.
What is involved in the Cerebral cortex?
Outer surface of Cerebrum (3mm thick) which is folded to allow larger surface area for neurons.
Cracks/grooves= sulci Major grooves= fissures Folds/bulges= gyro
What are the 4 lobes?
Frontal, Parietal, Occipital, Temporal
What is the frontal lobe and its purpose?
-At front of brain
-Anterior area of cortex, divided from parietal lobe by central sulcus
-Function of motor control and cognition
What is the Parietal lobe?
-The wall
-Caudal to frontal lobe, dorsal to temporal lobe
-Function of somatosensory (directing movement, interacting w/ objects
What is the Occipital lobe?
-Back of brain
-Caudal to parietal and temporal lobe
-Function of vision
What is the temporal lobe?
-Temple
-Rostral to occipital lobe
Function of hearing, vision, cognition
What are the primary areas?
-Primary somatosensory cortex
-Primary visual cortex
-Primary auditory cortex (receive sense info)
-Primary motor cortex (connected to muscle)
They are all contralateral
Describe the Basal Ganglia
-Collection of nuclei (group of cell bodies)
-Caudate nucleus, Putamen, Globus pallidus
-Striatum (Caudate+Putamen) receives info from the cortex and sends to globus pallidus
-Lesions can cause disorders eg Parkinson’s + Huntington
Help remember by using “Cats Play Games for the Caudate, Putamen, Globus etc
Describe the Limbic System
-Limbic cortex, Hippocampus, Amygdala, Fornix
-Important for emotion, learning, memory
What is the hippocampus?
In temporal lobe, important for consolidating memory
Describe the Diencephalon (2nd devision of forebrain)
Thalamus (inner chamber)- Two lobes separated by mass intermedia
Receives and sends info from/to cortex (relay)
Hypothalamus (under)- Controls automatic nervous system, connected to pituitary gland
Mnemonic to remember brain areas
Taking Peaches Out For a Cheeky Breakfast
Temporal
Parietal
Occipital
Frontal
and
Cerebellum
Brain stem
Describe the Mesencephalon (mid brain)
Tectum (Roof)- Superior Colliculi (sight)
Inferior Colliculi (sound)
Tegmentum (Covering)- Reticular formation, Periaqueductal grey matter, red nucleus
Describe the Rhombencephalon (hindbrain)
Metencephalon- Pons (bridge), sleep/arousal, relays info from cortex to cerebellum.
Myelencephalon- Medulla oblongata, regulation of cardiovascular, respiration and skeletal muscle tone.
What is the Cerebellum?
Important for coordination of movement
What does contralateral and Ipsilateral mean?
-Contralateral (opposite)
-Ipsilateral (same side)
What divides the frontal and parietal lobe?
The central sulcus
What divides the frontal and temporal lobe?
The lateral/sylvian fissure
What is the major division in the Forebrain?
Prosencephalon
What are the 2 subdivisions in the Forebrain?
Telencephalon
Diencephalon
What are the principal structures of the Telencephalon in the Forebrain?
Cerebral cortex, Basal ganglia, Limbic system
What are the principal structures of the Diencephalon in the Forebrain?
Thalamus, Hypothalamus
What is the major division in the Midbrain?
Mesencephalon
What is the principal structure of the Mesencephalon in the Midbrain?
Tectum
Tegmentum
What is the major division in the Hindbrain?
Rhombencephalon
What are the 2 subdivisions of the Rhombencephalon in the Hindbrain?
Metencephalon
Myelencephalon
What is the principal structure of the Myelencephalon in the Hindbrain?
Medulla oblongata
What are the principal structures of the Metencephalon in the Hindbrain?
Cerebellum
Pons
What is the function of the Basal Ganglia?
-Important for movement control and reward systems
