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Immuno Exam Block 2 :) > Lecture 12: Differentiation and Functions of CD4+ T Cells > Flashcards

Lecture 12: Differentiation and Functions of CD4+ T Cells Flashcards

1
Q

What is one of the most prominent T cells changes that occurs with age

A

Loss of CD28 expression and progressive accumulation of CD28- Tem cells, mainly in the CD8+ T cell population

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2
Q

T cells with reduced CD28 expression are characterized by

A

Decreased proliferative capacity
Shortened telomeres
Reduced TCR repertoire
Enhanced cytotoxic activity

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3
Q

Th1 cells activate which response and secrete what

A

Cell mediated immunity
IFN-y
Intracellular microbes

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4
Q

Th2 cells activate which response and secrete what

A

Ab mediated
IL-4, 5, 13
Helminthic parasites

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5
Q

Th17 cells activate which response and secrete what

A

Inflammation and anti-bacterial
IL-17a/f, IL-22
Extracellular bacteria/fungi

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6
Q

Tfh cells function

A

Follicular helper T cells

Remain in LN and help B cells

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7
Q

Th1 cell immune reaction

A

Macrophage activation

IgG production

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8
Q

Th2 cell immune reaction

A

Mast cell/eosinophil activation
IgE production
Alternative macrophage activation

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9
Q

Th17 cell immune reaction

A

Neutrophilic, monocytic inflammation

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10
Q

IL-2 principal action

A

T cell proliferation

Regulatory T cell survival

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11
Q

IFN-y principal action

A

Activation of macrophages

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12
Q

IL-4 principal action

A

B cell switching to IgE

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13
Q

IL-5 principal action

A

Activation of eosinophils

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14
Q

IL-17 principal action

A

Stimulation of acute inflammation

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15
Q

IL-22 principal action

A

Maintenance of epithelial barrier function

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16
Q

TGF-b principal action

A

Inhibition of T cell activation

Differentiation of regulatory T cells (Treg)

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17
Q

Development of Th1 cells

A

DCs/Macrophages produce IL-12 which activates STAT4 and T-bet
NK cells release IFN-y which activates STAT1
Together these stimulate the differentiation of naïve CD4+ T cells into the Th1 subset

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18
Q

Th1 cells release IFN-y which

A

Inhibits the development of Th2 and Th17 cells

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19
Q

Development of Th2 cells

A

IL-4 produced by Mast cells/eosinophils activates transcriptions factors GATA-3 and STAT6 which stimulate differentiation of naïve CD4+ into Th2
-IL-4 produced by Th2 cells amplifies this response by inhibiting development of Th1/Th17 cells

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20
Q

Development of Th17 cells

A

IL-1, -6 and TGF-b activate RORyt and STAT3 which stimulate differentiation of Th17
In turn, IL-21 induced by RORyt and STAT3 amplify generation of Th17 cells in autocrine regulatory manner
IL-23 is very important for ACTIVATION of Th17 cells

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21
Q

IL-17 is produced by and does what

A

Th17 cells

Protects from EC pathogens and is involved in tissue inflammation and autoimmunity

22
Q

Type of selection resulting from low/medium/high avidity to self antigen

A

Low- Positive selection
Medium- Treg cell selection
High- Negative selection

23
Q

What is required for survival of Treg cells

A

FOXP3

24
Q

CD40L gene is located on which chromosome

A

X chromosome

25
Q

Activation of classical macrophage by Th1 cells induces macrophage to secrete

A

TNF, IL-1,- stimulate leukocyte recruitment

IL-12- stimulates Th1 differentiation, IFN-y production

26
Q

Th2 cells secrete what to activate alternative macrophages

A

IL-4, IL-13

27
Q

Th2 cells secrete what to active eosinophils and B cells

A

Eosinophils- IL-5

B-cells- IL-4

28
Q

Alternative macrophage function

A

Anti-inflammatory effects, wound repair, fibrosis

29
Q

Normal vs inflammatory ratio of IL-17/IL-22

A

Inflammatory: High ratio of IL-17/IL-22
Normal: Low ratio of IL-17/IL-22

30
Q

CTL differentiation without helper T cells

A

CD8+ T cells recognize antigen + costimulators on professional APCs (suboptimal response)

31
Q

y/d T cells can typically be found, they recognize what

A

On epithelial surfaces

Conserved, Non-peptide antigens

32
Q

Pre activated status of y/d T cells

A

Upregulation of memory markers early in their development.

Allows rapid induction of effector functions following detection of tissue stress

33
Q

Physiological roles of y/d T cells

A

Protective immunity against EX/IC pathogens
Tumor surveillance
Modulation of innate/adaptive immune responses
Tissue healing and epithelial cell maintenance
Regulation of physiological organ function

34
Q

y/d TCRs are generated through

A

Somatic rearrangement of VDJ gene segments

35
Q

y/d T cells can recognize

A

MHC-related and unrelated TCR ligands
MHC I polypeptide related sequence A (MICA) which engages NKG2D
DAMPS/PAMPS recognized by TLRs or Dectin-1

36
Q

Dectin-1

A

PRR that plays important role in antifungal innate immunity

Specific receptor for beta-glucans (found in fungi)

37
Q

Nontraditional y/d T cells have and are found where

A

y/d TCRs and (identical with a/b T cells)-CD3

Intestine, uterus, tongue

38
Q

y/d cells may be considered component of adaptive immunity because

A

Rearrangement of TCR genes occurs to produce diversity, however, they are much less diverse than a/b TCRs

39
Q

y/d cells may be considered part of innate immunity because

A

Restricted TCR may be used as a PRR
y/d TCRs recognize unpresented Ags
Several y/d T cell subsets have a memory phenotype

40
Q

NKT cells are

A

T lineage cells that share functional characteristics with both T cells and NK cells

41
Q

NKT cells make up how much of hepatic T cells in liver

A

30-50%

42
Q

Following activation, NKT cells can immediately

A

Commence cytokine secretion without first having to differentiate into effector cells

43
Q

NKT cells are early/late line of defense?

A

Very fist line of innate defense against some bacterial/viral infections

44
Q

Cytokines secreted by NKT cells have powerful effect on

A

a/b T cell differentiation and functions, which links NKT cells to adaptive defense

45
Q

NKT cell immunological memory

A

They do not develop memory

46
Q

NKT cells recognize

A

Self and foreign lipids and glycolipids

47
Q

Cytokines produced by NKT cells

A 
IL-10
IL-4
IFN-y
TGF-b
Th1/Th2 cytokines
48
Q

Dysfunction or deficiency of NKT lead to

A

Autoimmunity
Cancers
Asthma progression

49
Q

TCR on NKT cell recognizes what on DC

A

CD1d on APC presents lipid/glycolipid antigen

50
Q

iNKT indirect activation with APC

A

Recognition of Ag on CD1d of APC will cause release of IL-12 from APC and subsequent release of IFN-y from NKT which will activate NK cells

51
Q

iNKT indirect activation with immunosuppressive TAM

A

Recognition of Ag on CD1d of TAM will stimulate killing of the TAM leading to less immunosuppressive environment where tumor infiltrating NK cells can better perform

Immuno Exam Block 2 :) (22 decks)

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