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Immuno Exam Block 2 :) > Differentiation and Function of CD4+ T cells Test II > Flashcards

Differentiation and Function of CD4+ T cells Test II Flashcards

1
Q

What are the signature cytokines and host defense in Th1 cells?

A

IFN-y agaisnt intracellular microbes plays role in autoimmune and chronic infections, ex diabetes

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2
Q

Signature cytokines for Th2 cells, host defense, role in disease?

A

IL-4 IL-5 IL-13, Helminthic parasites and allergic diseases

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3
Q

Th17 signature cytokines host defense role in disease?

A

IL-17A IL-17F IL-22
extracell pathogens
autoimmune diseases such as IBD

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4
Q

Development of Th1 cells?

A

IL-12 and IFN-y produced by Macro/DC’s activates TF STAT4 and STAT1 to express T-bet. The IFN-y produced by NK cells activates STAT1 which stimulates differentiation of naive CD4 cells to TH1 subset.

TH1 amplifies response by producing IFN-y and TNF-B that inhibits development of TH2 and Th17

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5
Q

Development of Th2 cells?

A

IL-4 produced by activated mast and eosinophils activates the TF GATA-3 and STAT6. GATA3 and STAT6 stimulate differentiation of CD4 to Th2.

IL-4 produced by Th2 cells amplifies this and inhibits the dev of Th1 and Th17. Also produces IL-5 and IL-13

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6
Q

Development of Th17?

A

IL-1, IL-6, IL-23 and TGF-B activate the TF STAT3 which causes expression of RORyt and . TF induce differentiation into Th17.

RORyt and STAT3 induces IL-21 and amplifies generation of Th17 by autocrine reg manner.

TGF-B can promote Th17 by suppresssing Th1 and Th2. IL-17 produced by TH17 protects from extracell pathogens.

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7
Q

What is death by neglect?

A

Process that eliminates T cells that would be non-functional due to inability of TCR’s to bind to MHC.
Unsuccessful rearrangement of TCR.

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8
Q

What is the role of FOXp3?

A

T cells that weakly react with self Ags, rather than be eliminated, they express FOXP3 and are given job of producing IL-10 and TGF-B. They avoid negative selection and only produce these. If FOXP3 is not expressed they undergo negative selection.

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9
Q

Describe CD40 and CD40L and IFN-y in classically activating Macrophages.

A

CD40 is constitutively expressed on macrophages and CD40L is located on on CD4 effector cell. IFN-y is released by CD4+ which acts on macrophage to activate it. Also need co stimulation of CD28:B7

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10
Q

IL-2 principal action and cellular sources?

A

T cell proliferation and Treg survival. Source is activated T cellls

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11
Q

IFN-y principal action and cell source?

A

Activation of macrophages and source is CD4+, CD8+ and NK cells

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12
Q

IL-4 principal action and cell source?

A

B cell switching to IgE. Source is CD4+ and mast cells

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13
Q

IL-5 principal action and cell source?

A

Activation of eosinophils. Source is CD4+, mast cells, innate lymphoid cells

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14
Q

IL-17 principal action and cell source?

A

stimulation of acute inflammation. Source is CD4+ cells

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15
Q

IL-22 principal action and cell source?

A

Maintenance of epithelial barrier function. Source is CD4+, NK cells, and innate lymphoid cells

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16
Q

TGF-B principal action and cell sources?

A

Inhibition of T cell activation,(dampens immune response) differentiation of Treg cells. Source is CD4+, and many other types

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17
Q

Upon infection from intracellular microbes such as mycobacterium turbuculosis what is the cascade of events that occurs to differentiate T cells into Th1 cells?

A

Dendritic cells and NK cells release IL-12 and IFN-y. This acts on the Ag activated T cell to express the TF T-Bet, STAT4 and STAT1. Which differentiates the cell into Th1 which then produces IFN-y TNF.

18
Q

Upon infection with helminths what cascade of events occurs to differentiate cells into Th2?

A

Mast cells and eosinophils release IL-4 which acts on Ag activated T-cell and stimulates TF GATA-3 and STAT6 to differentiate the cell into Th2. Th2 cell then releases IL-4, IL-5, and IL-13

19
Q

Upon infection with extracellular pathogens such as fungi or bacteria, what cascade occurs to differentiate cells into Th17?

A

Dendritic cells Release IL-1, IL-6, IL-23, and TGF-B to act on the Ag activated T cell. The T cell expresses TF RORyt and STAT3 to differentiate the cell into a Th17 cell. It then produces IL-17, IL-21, IL-22

20
Q

What are the effector functions of IgG subclasses?

A

Fc receptor dependent phagocyte responses, complement activation, and neonatal immunity

21
Q

What are the actions of a classically activated macrophage?

A

Activated by Microbial TLR ligands and IFN-y released by Th1 cells. Release ROS NO and lysosomal enzymes to induce microbicidal actions such as phagocytosis and killing of bacteria and fungi.

Also to Release IL-1, IL-12, and IL-23 for inflammation

22
Q

What are the actions of an alternatively activated macrohphage?

A

Activated by IL-13 and IL-4 released by Th2 cells. The Macro then releases IL-10 and TGF-B to have anti-inflammatory effects and help wound repair.

23
Q

Functions of Th17 cells specifically IL-17 and IL-22?

A

High ratio of IL-17 to IL-22 results in inflammation and neutrophil response.

Low ratio of IL-17 to IL-22 results in control of homeostasis.

24
Q

The non redundant role of y/delta T cells in different pathophysiological processes relies on what three properties?

A

Ag specificity

Tissue distribution

Functional properties

25
Q

Why are gamma delta T cells considered non conventional?

A

They are innate like T cell, they have factors from innate immunity as well as factors that make them similar to T cells.

26
Q

How are gamma delta T cells activated?

A

After they recognize stress induced ligands resembling PAMP’s or DAMP’s by PRR’s. They are quickly activated as they are Pre-activated and can jump to effector functions.

27
Q

What cytokines are rapidly produced by gamma delta T cells?

A

IL-17 IFN-y and TNF to regulate pathogen clearance inflammation and tissue homeostasis in response to stress.

28
Q

What are the physiological roles fulfilled by gamma delta T cells?

A

Protective immunity against exta/intra cell pathogens

Constant tumor surveillance

Modulation of innate and adaptive responses

Tissue healing and epithelial cell homeostasis

Regulate physiological organ function

29
Q

In gamma delta T cells how is detection of stress induced molecules achieved?

A

Using both TCR’s and TLR’s as well as NKR’s

30
Q

What three sets of stress induced stimuli can gamma delta T cells recognize?

A

MCH related and unrelated TCR ligans such as CD1c molecules

MICA, a MHC class I related sequence A which engages NKR’s such as NKG2D

DAMPs or PAMPs recognized by PRR such as TLR’s

31
Q

Which immune system are gamma delta T cells a part of?

A

Both adaptive and innate.

Adaptive because they have memmory like characteristics and rearrangement of TCR genes similar to aB T cells.

Innate because a restricted TCR could be considered as a PRR, and yD T cells can recognize unpresented Ags using TLR’s and NKG2D receptors.

32
Q

Functions of the yD T cell?

A

Lysis of infected/stressed cell

Cytokine/chemokine production

B cell help and IgE production

Priming of aB T cells via Ag presentation

DC maturation

Regulation of stromal cell function through GF production

33
Q

What immune system are NKT cells important in?

A

Innate immunity as their rapid response helps fight some bacterial and viral infections. Their cytokines also have strong impacts on aB T cell differentiation and functions linking NKT to adaptive defense as well.

34
Q

What makes up NKT cells?

A

CD3+ the marker for T cells and CD56+ the marker for NK cells

35
Q

DO NKT cells have memory?

A

NKT cells express Ag specific TCR generated after VDJ recombination, but don’t have memory

36
Q

What do NKT cells recognize?

A

self and foreign lipids and glycolipds. Lipids and glycolipids are presented with non polymorphic CD1d molecule similar to MHC

37
Q

Upon activation what do NKT cells produce?

A

IL-10 TGF-B and Th1 (IFN-y) and Th2 (IL-4) cytokines

38
Q

A dysfunction or deficiency of NKT cells leads to what?

A

Autoimmune disease such as diabetes or atherosclerosis

Cancers

Asthma progresssion

39
Q

What occurs when NKT cells recognize glycolipid Ags?

A

Glycolipid Ags are presented byCD1d and it leads to a release of cytokines and expression of CD40L that results in the activation of APCs and many other cells including NK T and B.

40
Q

How can Th1 responses be advantageous and deleterious to the host?

A

It can increase microbial immunity and increase tumor rejection. It can also increase atherosclerosis and autoimmunity.

41
Q

How can Th2 responses be advantageous and deleterious to the host?

A

It can decrease autoimmunity and graft rejection.

It can also increase allergies

Immuno Exam Block 2 :) (22 decks)

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