Lecture 12 CONCLUSIONS

Question 1

_____ is widely used in public health

Answer 1

statistics

Question 2

Public health depends on statistics to ___ and ____

Answer 2

analyze data and interpret findings

Question 3

a low p value indicates….

Answer 3

that a result is statistically significant —- but there’s always a chance that the result is not valid

Question 4

validity INCREASES in studies with….

Answer 4

large numbers of subjects

Question 5

sources of ____ should be eliminated or accounted for

Answer 5

confounding variables

Question 6

most screening programs use _______ and follow up with _____ that are both ____ and _____

Answer 6

most screening programs use SENSITIVE TESTS and follow up positive results with MORE EXPENSIVE TESTS that are both HIGHLY SENSITIVE and HIGHLY SPECIFIC

Question 7

To put the numbers into perspective, they are often converted to ____

Answer 7

rates

Question 8

rates are used for the assessment of ______ and the evaluation of ______

Answer 8

assessment of the public’s health and the evaluation of PUBLIC HEALTH PROGRAMS

Question 9

rates commonly used as public health indicators are:

Answer 9

-mortality rates
-birth rates
-fertility rates
-infant mortality rates

Question 10

public health’s efforts to protect the population may require calculations of _______

Answer 10

risk

Question 11

risk assessment is a formal process of calculating…..

Answer 11

probabilities of various injurious events

Question 12

the scientific assessment of risk sometimes conflicts with……

Answer 12

people’s perception of risk

Question 13

public health is based on _____, including the _____ of ______

Answer 13

public health is based on SCIENCE including the SCIENCE of STATISTICS

Question 14

the science of statistics is the science of _____

Answer 14

uncertainty

Question 15

scientific experiments produce ______ which must be _______

Answer 15

scientific experiments produce STATISTICS which must be INTERPRETED