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Rossana's Block 2 > Lecture 12: Autonomics > Flashcards

Lecture 12: Autonomics Flashcards

1
Q

What is the autonomic nervous system?

A

The portion of the nervous system that automatically controls the visceral organs that we’re studying.

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2
Q

In which nervous systems is the autonomic nervous system contained?

A

CNS and PNS

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3
Q

The autonomic nervous system is only an ______ system.

A

efferent (motor)

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4
Q

True or False: visceral afferent fibers, associated with the spinal nerve, travel with the efferent fibers and provide information to the CNS concerning the state of the viscera.

A

True

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5
Q

Name the 2 parts of the autonomic nervous system

A

1) Sympathetic (fight or flight)

2) Parasympathetic (normal body homeostasis system)

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6
Q

This part of the autonomic nervous systems requires body energy and is used in emergency situations

A

Sympathetic

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7
Q

This part of the autonomic nervous system conserves body energy and is used to maintain homeostasis.

A

Parasympathetic

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8
Q

What’s the embryonic origin of both sympathetic and parasympathetic ganglia?

A

The neural crest

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9
Q

How many neurons are in the pathways for the sympathetic and parasympathetic systems?

A

2 : the preganglionic neuron in the CNS and the postganglionic neuron in the PNS.

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10
Q

But the _______ is more extensive since it’s responsible for the innervation of blood vessels, sweat glands, and the arrector pili muscles of the entire body.

A

sympathetic

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11
Q

The __________ actions are less extensive and confined to the visceral organs.

A

parasympathetic

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12
Q

What is for pain, temp, touch, proprioception from body?

A

Somatic afferent

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13
Q

What is for pain, pressure from visceral organs ?

A

Visceral afferent

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14
Q

These fibers innervate the skeletal muscles of the body

A

Somatic efferent

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15
Q

These these fibers are autonomic fibers.

A

Visceral efferent

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16
Q

ALL AUTONOMIC FIBERS ARE _________.

A

EFFERENT

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17
Q

Visceral efferent fibers mainly refer to what?

A

Postganglionic sympathetic fibers contained within every spinal nerve and its rami.

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18
Q

The two other types of autonomic fibers are found in the spinal nerve or its roots:

A

Preganglionic sympathetic fibers & Preganglionic parasympathetic fibers

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19
Q

These fibers travel in the ventral root of the spinal nerve for a short time before they enter the sympathetic trunk through the white rami communicans.

A

Preganglionic sympathetic fibers.

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20
Q

These fibers leave the spinal nerve as the pelvic sphlanchnic nerves (to be learned later) and never reenter it as the spinal nerves is distributed to the periphery.

A

Preganglionic parasympathetic fibers.

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21
Q

FYI: Be able to name and identify sensory (dorsal) root, motor (ventral) root, dorsal root ganglia, ventral ramus (larger), dorsal ramus (smaller).

A

FYI: Be able to name and identify sensory (dorsal) root, motor (ventral) root, dorsal root ganglia, ventral ramus (larger), dorsal ramus (smaller).

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22
Q

Site of information exchange within the nervous system.

A

Synapse

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23
Q

Where does a

Preganglionic cell body and fiber originate?

A

Brain and spinal cord (CNS).

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24
Q

Where does a Postganglionic cell body and fiber originate?

A

PNS within a ganglion.

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25
Q

Definition of ganglia

A

A collection of neuron cell bodies in the PNS (ex: sympathetic chain ganglia).

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26
Q

Where is a preganglionic neuron of the sympathetic pathway always found in the thoracolumbar portion of the Nervous system?

A

It’s always in the CNS within the lateral horn/intermediolateral cell column of the spinal cord.

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27
Q

At which spinal cord levels is the lateral horn found?

A

Spinal cord levels T1-L2/L3

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28
Q

The postganglionic neuron• It’s always in the _NS and can be located in the _______ ______ or the _______ _______.

A

PNS
Sympathetic trunk
prevertebral ganglia.

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29
Q

Paired chains of ganglia connected by nerve fibers, location of sympathetic nerve fibers

A

Sympathetic trunk

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30
Q

The sympathetic trunk is _________ and goes from the base of the _____ to the _______.

A

paravertebral
skull
coccyx

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31
Q

How many cervical, thoracic, lumbar, and sacral ganglia are on each side of the sympathetic trunk?

A

3 cervical, 11 thoracic, 4 lumbar, and 4 sacral ganglia on each side

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32
Q

What is the ganglion impar?

A

Where the two sides of the sympathetic trunks usually come together as one final ganglia in the coccygeal region.

33
Q

The _______ _______ are associated with the unpaired visceral arteries

A

prevertebral ganglia

34
Q

They’re found in front of the vertebral column and cemented on the aorta.

A

prevertebral ganglia

35
Q

Divisions of the prevertebral ganglia

A

celiac ganglia (paired)

Aorticorenal ganglia

Superior mesenteric ganglia (small in humans)

Inferior mesenteric ganglia (single)

36
Q

Input into the sympathetic trunk:

A

white rami communicantes (14 pairs).

37
Q

At what vertebral levels is the white rami communicantes found?

A

T1-L2/3

38
Q

True or False: Synapse of the preganglionic fibers occurs most often within the sympathetic trunk

A

True

39
Q

All preganglionic sympathetic fibers enter the sympathetic trunk through the _____ _____ _____.

A

White rami communicantes.

40
Q

Why are the white rami communicantes white?

A

They’re myelinated.

41
Q

3 types of output from the sympathetic trunk:

A
  • Gray rami communicantes
  • Postganglionic sympathetic fibers
  • Preganglionic sympathetic fibers
42
Q

How many pairs in the Gray rami communicantes?

A

31

43
Q

These are postganglionic fibers that are distributed with spinal nerve and supply sweat glands and blood vessels.

A

Gray rami communicantes

44
Q

Why are gray rami communicantes gray?

A

B/c they don’t have myelin.

45
Q

Where do Postganglionic sympathetic fibers travel to?

A

Head, neck, and thoracic regions.

46
Q

True or False: The greater, lesser, and least splanchnic nerves arise superior to and at the level of the diaphragm

A

True

47
Q

From where do the lumbar splanchnic nerves arise?

A

From below the diaphragm.

48
Q

Goal of the greater, lesser, least, and lumbar splanchnic nerves.

A

To provide sympathetic innervation to the organs of the abdomen and pelvis.

49
Q

Neurotransmitter for the preganglionic sympathetic fiber?

A

Acetylcholine

50
Q

Sympathetic postganglionic neurotransmitter ?

A

Norepinephrine (adrenergic)

51
Q

Postganglionic sympathetic fibers to the sweat glands are_____, using _____ as a neurotransmitter.

A

Cholinergic

Acetylcholine

52
Q

Name the 4 pathways of a sympathetic preganglionic fiber.

A

(1) Synapse and terminate in the sympathetic chain ganglia.
• Postganglionic fibers (forming the gray rami) are then distributed with the spinal nerve at the same level.
(2) Ascend and descend to appropriate level of the sympathetic trunk and synapse or terminate.
(3) Ascend in the sympathetic trunk to an appropriate level and synapse or terminate in sympathetic chain ganglia.
• Postganglionic fibers don’t leave the sympathetic trunk through a gray ramus.
o They leave the trunk medially to form splanchnic nerves that course internally to supply the thoracic organs (Netter Plate 23).

(4) Transverse and exit the trunk without synapsing.

53
Q

Vertebral levels of the greater, lesser, and least splanchnic nerves

A

Greater (T6-9), lesser (T10-11), lowest or least (T12) splanchnic.

54
Q

Where does the greater splanchnic nerve synapse?

A

Celiac ganglia and supplies the foregut.

55
Q

Where do the lesser and least splanchnic nerves synapse?

A

Aorticorenal ganglia and supplies the kidney.

56
Q

Where do collaterals from the celiac ganglion enter to supply the midgut?

A

superior mesenteric ganglion.

57
Q

Which splanchnic nerve goes directly into the superior mesenteric ganglion?

A

NONE

58
Q

Which splanchnic nerves synapse in the inferior mesenteric ganglion and supply the hindgut?

A

lumbar splanchnic nerves

59
Q

The location of these ganglia is directly anterior to the vertebral column.

A

Prevertebral ganglia

60
Q

Where do postganglionic fibers from the prevertebral ganglia distribute to?

A

Abdominal organs

61
Q

Two portions of the autonomic NS?

A

Cranial and Sacral

62
Q

What do parasympathetics control in the eye?

A

The pupillary sphincter (CN 3).

63
Q

What do parasympathetics have a major effect on?

A

Salivary glands and GI secretion and mobility.

64
Q

These cranial nerves carry preganglionic parasympathetic fibers.

A

CN’s 3,7,9,10

65
Q

What does CN 3 innervate?

A

Sphincter pupillae for the light response via the short ciliary nerves

66
Q

CN 7 innervates….

A

Lacrimal, sublingual, and submandibular glands

67
Q

Preganglionic parasympathetic fibers traveling in the _____ ____ ____ nerve and nerve of the pteryoid canal synapse in postganglionic parasympathetic cells within the ______ ganglia.

A

greater superficial petrosal

pterygopalatine

68
Q

The preganglionic parasympathetic fibers of which CN travel with the lesser superficial petrosal nerve and synapse in the otic ganglia?

A

CN 9

69
Q

What does CN 9 innervate?

A

Parotid gland

70
Q

This nerve is the wanderer.

A

CN 10 –> Vagus n.

71
Q

This nerve carries parasympathetic innervation through the neck, thorax, and gut up to and including most of the transverse colon.

A

CN 10 (Vagus)

72
Q

Preganglionic fibers of CN 10 synapse with which ganglia? And where are these ganglia located?

A

Terminal ganglia.

Located within the gut wall.

73
Q

Where does the sacral portion of preganglionic parasympathetic fibers originate?

A

S2,3,4

74
Q

Energetic little nerves which control the reproductive organs, the sexual response, micturition, defacation, and the other pelvic viscera, assuming the function of the vagus below the transverse colon.

A

Nervi erigens

75
Q

The nervi erigens are what kind of fibers?

A

Preganglionic parasympathetic fibers.

76
Q

What’s the neurotransmitter in terminals of preganglionic and postganglionic parasympathetic fibers?

A

Ach

77
Q

T or F:

The parietal peritoneum contains many more somatic pain fibers than the walls of the organs.

A

True

This is why pain from the viscera is often referred to the body wall.

78
Q

Severe pain from visceral afferents can be “referred” to somatic afferents that enter the same level of the spinal cord and have their cell bodies in the same dorsal root ganglia as the visceral afferents.

A

Referred pain

For example, stomach pain is referred to the epigastric region because the stomach is supplied by pain afferents which reach the T7 and T8 region of the spinal cord through the greater splanchnic nerve (T6-9)

Rossana's Block 2 (2 decks)

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