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Rossana's Block 2 > Lecture 11 > Flashcards

Lecture 11 Flashcards

1
Q

Boundaries of the abdominal cavity

A

Diaphragm cranially and levator ani and coccygeus muscles caudally

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2
Q

Two divisions of the abdominal cavity

A

Abdominal cavity proper and pelvic cavity

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3
Q

Contents of the abdominal cavity

A

Viscera, blood vessels and nerves, and the peritoneum.

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4
Q

Where does the abdominal cavity extend into and why?

A

Into the rib cage so that many abdominal organs (particularly foregut derivatives) are protected by the ribs.

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5
Q

Function of the greater/false pelvis

A

Protects the lower abdominal organs

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6
Q

What part of the abdominal cavity contains criss-crossing muscle fibers, and what is their function?

A

The anterior and lateral abdominal walls contain crisscrossing muscle fibers, which provide essential protection to this region that contains soft tissue and vital viscera.

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7
Q

How many horizontal and vertical planes divide the abdomen?

A

2 horizontal and 2 vertical

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8
Q

Name of the horizontal planes

A

Subcostal (costal cartilage 10), and the transtubecular (iliac tubercles of iliac crest).

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9
Q

Name of vertical planes

A

Midclavicular planes

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10
Q

Where do the midclavicular planes extend from?

A

From the middle of the clavicle to the midpoint between the anterior superior iliac spine and the pubic symphysis.

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11
Q

Name the 6 regions of the abdominal cavity

A

A) Right hypochondriac (liver), epigastric (stomach), left hypochondriac (spleen) regions.

B) Right lumbar (right kidney), umbilical (transverse colon), and left lumbar regions (left kidney) regions.

C) Right inguinal (iliac) appendix, hypogastric (small intestine), and left inguinal (sigmoid colon) regions.

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12
Q

What’s in the Right hypochondriac ?

A

Liver

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13
Q

What’s in the epigastric?

A

Stomach

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14
Q

What’s in the left hypochondriac?

A

Spleen

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15
Q

What’s in the right lateral region?

A

Right kidney

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16
Q

What’s in the umbilical region?

A

Transverse colon

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17
Q

What’s in the left lumbar region?

A

Left kidney

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18
Q

What’s in the right inguinal?

A

Appendix

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19
Q

What’s in the hypogastric?

A

Small Intestine

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20
Q

What’s in the left inguinal?

A

Sigmoid colon

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21
Q

Planes used by clinicians to divide the abdomen into four quadrants for pain or tumor localization

A

Transumbilical and median plane

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22
Q

Where is the peritoneal cavity formed from?

A

Intraembryonic coelomic cavity

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23
Q

The peritoneal cavity is between which peritoneums?

A

Parietal and visceral

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24
Q

Name the organs in the peritoneal cavity

A

TRICK QUESTION –> there are none :)

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25
Q

True or false: abdominal and peritoneal cavity is synonymous

A

False

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26
Q

Peritoneum definition

A

A serous membrane (a thin layer of connective tissue covered by simple squamous epithelium, histologists call it a mesothelium)

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27
Q

2 layers of peritoneum in the abdominal cavity

A

Parietal and visceral

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28
Q

The peritoneum that’s under extraperitoneal fat and transversalis fascia.

A

Parietal peritoneum

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29
Q

The peritoneums that forms the external shiny covering over the abdominal organs

A

Visceral peritoneum

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30
Q

A double layer of peritoneum, which encloses an organ and connects it to body wall.

A

Mesentery

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31
Q

A double layer of peritoneum connecting an organ to another organ or to the body wall

A

Peritoneal ligament

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32
Q

Example of peritoneal ligament

A

Falsiform ligament

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33
Q

An organ which only slightly or partially protrudes into the peritoneal cavity.

A

Retroperitoneal

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34
Q

What do retroperitoneal organs lack?

A

Mesenteries

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35
Q

2 types of retroperitoneal classfications

A

Primarily and Secondarily Retroperitoneal

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36
Q

Primarily retroperitoneal

A

Organs which develop without a mesentery.

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37
Q

Example of a primarily retroperitoneal organ

A

Kidneys

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38
Q

Secondarily retroperitoneal

A

Organs that develop in a mesentery which is then reabsorbed

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39
Q

Examples of Secondarily retroperitoneal organs

A

Pancreas, duodenum, ascending and descending colon

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40
Q

Which organ caused the pancreas and duodenum to be pushed against the back wall causing the mesoduodenum to fuse with the posterior body wall?

A

Liver

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41
Q

What event caused the ascending/descending colon to be cemented along the posterior body wall and the mesentery reabsorbed?

A

Gut rotation

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42
Q

What are Recesses ?

A

Subdivision of the peritoneal cavity, usually blind ended sacs, such as the subphrenic and the hepatorenal recess.

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43
Q

Boundaries of the hepatorenal pouch

A

The liver, the right kidney, the colon, and the duodenum.

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44
Q

What represents the lowest point of the peritoneal cavity when a patient is lying down.?

A

Hepatorenal pouch

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45
Q

The vermiform appendix usually lies in this recess.

A

Rectrocecal recess

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46
Q

2 divisions of the peritoneal cavity

A

Peritoneal cavity proper (AKA the greater sac) and the omental bursa (AKA the lesser sac)

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47
Q

Main or larger part of the peritoneal cavity.

A

Peritoneal cavity proper/greater sac

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48
Q

A subdivision of the peritoneal cavity between stomach and posterior abdominal wall.

A

Omental bursa/lesser sac

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49
Q

Allows for communication between the omental bursa and the peritoneal cavity proper

A

The epiploic foramen of Winslow

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50
Q

Another name for the epiploic foramen of Winslow

A

Omental foramen

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51
Q

Lateral ligaments that bind the omental bursa

A

Gastrosplenic and lineorenal ligament.

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52
Q

Organ anterior to the omental bursa

A

Stomach

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53
Q

Organ posterior to the omental bursa

A

Pancreas

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54
Q

Name the 3 recesses of the omental bursa

A

(A) A superior recess, between the liver and the diaphragm.
(B) A main portion, behind the stomach.
(C) An inferior recess between the double layers of the gastrocolic ligament.

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55
Q

Which omental recess goes away in the adult?

A

Inferior recess

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56
Q

What forms the median umbilical fold?

A

The urachus

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57
Q

What is the urachus a remnant of?

A

The allantois

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58
Q

Function of the urachus

A

Connects the urinary bladder to the anterior body wall.

59
Q

What is the medial umbilical fold a remnant of?

A

Umbilical arteries

60
Q

Which artery travels through the lateral umbilical fold?

A

Inferior epigastric artery

61
Q

From which two structures does the falciform ligament run?

A

Umbilicus to liver

62
Q

What does the falciform ligament contain?

A

Ligamentum teres hepatis or remnant of umbilical vein

63
Q

The falciform ligament is a remnant of which mesentery?

A

Central mesentery

64
Q

Functions of the named mesenteries attached to the posterior body wall?

A

Transport vessels, nerves, and lymphatics, allow for mobility of the intestine.

65
Q

Name the three named mesenteries associated with the intestines

A

Mesentery proper
Transverse Mesocolon
Sigmoid mesocolon

66
Q

Function of Mesentery Proper

A

Suspends jujenum and ileum from posterior wall

67
Q

Function of transverse mesocolon

A

Suspends transverse colon

68
Q

Function of sigmoid mesocolon

A

Attaches to sigmoid colon and suspends it from the posterior body wall.

69
Q

Which mesentery is the omentum derived from?

A

Primitive mesentery

70
Q

Function of omentum

A

Attaches stomach and proximal duodenum to the body wall.

71
Q

2 divisions of the omentum

A

Greater and Lesser Omenta

72
Q

How many layers of the greater omentum?

A

Originally 4, but 2 disintegrate

73
Q

From where does the greater omentum suspend?

A

From the greater curvature of the stomach

74
Q

Function of the greater omentum?

A

Localizes infections and is the “policeman of the GI tract.”

75
Q

Ligaments that make up the greater omentum

A

Gastrocolic ligament and gastrophrenic

76
Q

The greater omentum is a derivative of which mesentery?

A

The dorsal mesentery of the embryo.

77
Q

The lesser omentum is a derivative of which mesentery?

A

Ventral mesentery of the embryo with the falciform ligament.

78
Q

Attachments of the lesser omentum?

A

Lesser curvature and dorsal surface of the stomach.

79
Q

Ligaments of the lesser omentum?

A

Hepatogastric and hepatoduodenal ligaments.

80
Q

Four depressions or pathways for the conduction of fluids and infections which are formed by the attachments of the meseneteries of the SI, ascending and descending colon.

A

Peritoneal gutters

81
Q

The mesenteries of which parts of the colon get resorbed?

A

Ascending and Descending

82
Q

Name the 4 peritoneal gutters

A

Right and left lateral paracolic gutters, the gutter to the right of the mesentery and the gutter to the left of the mesentery

83
Q

Which gutter serves as a pathway for infection from the hepatorenal pouch into the pelvis?

A

Right lateral paracolic gutter

84
Q

What are ligaments?

A

Organ to organ attachments

85
Q

Attachments of Gastrosplenic ligament?

A

Stomach to spleen.

86
Q

Attachments of Gastrophrenic ligament

A

Stomach to diaphragm

87
Q

What is the esophageal hiatus?

A

Where the esophagus pierces the diaphragm at vertebral level T10.

88
Q

What is the cardiac orifice?

A

Where the esophagus enters the stomach

89
Q

The arterial supply of the abdominal portion of the esophagus

A

Esophageal branches from the left gastric artery of celiac trunk and left inferior phrenic artery

90
Q

Stomach is in which quadrant?

A

Upper left

91
Q

2 curvatures of the stomach

A

Greater and Lesser

92
Q

Left border of the stomach, notched where the esophagus enters it (the cardiac notch).

A

Greater curvature

93
Q

Right border, at its pyloric end is the angular notch.

A

Lesser Curvature

94
Q

Name the 4 regions of the stomach

A

1) Cardiac
2) Fundus
3) Body
4) Pylorus

95
Q

What’s the Cardiac Region of the Stomach?

A

Region joining the esophagus.

96
Q

Region superior and left of cardiac antrum demarcated by a horizontal plane through the cardiac orifice.

A

Fundus

97
Q

Major portion of the stomach.

A

Body

98
Q

The “gatekeeper” of the stomach

A

Pylorus

99
Q

Separated from body by the angular notch of the stomach.

A

Pylorus

100
Q

Divided into pyloric antrum (wider) and pyloric canal, which ends with a very thick band of smooth muscle (the pyloric sphincter).

A

Pylorus

101
Q

Arterial supply of the stomach

A

Celiac trunk

102
Q

It’s a C-shaped loop of the small intestine

A

Duodenum

103
Q

4 parts of the SI

A

(1) Superior part
(2) Descending part
(3) Horizontal part
(4) Ascending part

104
Q

Completely retroperitoneal parts of the SI.

A

ascending and descending SI

105
Q

What vertebral level does the duodenum start?

A

L1

106
Q

Which vert level does the descending SI go?

A

L3

107
Q

Which vert level does the ascending SI go?

A

L2

108
Q

Which vert level does the horizontal part stay at?

A

L3

109
Q

Which parts of the duodenum are supplied by branches of the superior mesenteric artery and are part of the embryonic midgut.

A

Superior and descending

110
Q

What is the ampulla of Vater (hepatopancreatic ampulla)?

A

Where the common bile duct and the main pancreatic duct enter the descending portion of the duodenum.
It’s an outgrowth on the outside of the duodenum

111
Q

What marks the opening of the pancreatic and common bile ducts on the inside of the duodenum?

A

Major duodenal papilla

112
Q

The duodenum is both _____ and ____.

A

Foregut and midgut

113
Q

Arterial supply of the duodenum

A

Receives branches of both celiac and superior mesenteric arteries.

114
Q

This omentum covers the jejunum and ileum

A

greater omentum

115
Q

The jejunum lies mostly in which abdominal region?

A

Umbilical

116
Q

The ileum lies mostly in which abdominal region?

A

Hypogastric and inguinal regions

117
Q

The jejunum is more ____ than the ileum

A

muscular

118
Q

Intestinal arteries from the superior mesenteric form ______ _______ from which straight vessels called ____ _____ arise.

A

arterial arcades; vasa recta

119
Q

The the arterial arcades are more complex and the vasa recta shorter in which part of the SI?

A

Ileum

120
Q

What are Plicae circulares?

A

Spiral folds of mucous membrane in the jejunum and ileum

121
Q

Where are plicae circulares more pronounced?

A

More pronounced in the jejunum and more spaced in the ileum.

122
Q

Artierial supply of jejunum and ileum?

A

Branches of superior mesenteric artery.

123
Q

Name the parts of the LI

A

Made of cecum, appendix, ascending colon, transverse colon, descending colon, sigmoid colon, and rectum.

124
Q

Which parts of the LI have a mesentery?

A

The transverse colon and sigmoid colon

125
Q

Where does the LI begin?

A

ileocecal junction

126
Q

When does the descending colon become sigmoid colon?

A

when it crosses the pelvic brim

127
Q

Name the 3 distinguishing features that the LI has that the SI doesn’t.

A

1) Taenia coli
2) Haustra
3) Appendice epiploicae

128
Q

What are taenia coli?

A

Longitudinal muscle layer is incomplete, forms three stripes on surface.

129
Q

What are Haustra?

A

Sacculations of the large intestine.

130
Q

What are appendice epiploicae?

A

Fat-filled peritoneal sacs, can become filled with waste in diverticulosis.

131
Q

What is a flexure?

A

A bend or curve

132
Q

Name the 2 flexures of the LI

A

Hepatic and Splenic

133
Q

Hepatic Flexure

A

Goes from ascending to transverse colon

134
Q

Splenic flexure

A

Goes from transverse colon to descending colon

135
Q

Arterial supply of the LI

A

Branches of superior and inferior mesenteric arteries

136
Q

Where does the rectum being and end?

A

L3 to anal canal

137
Q

What’s a gastric ulcer?

A

Lesions of the wall of the stomach

138
Q

Which artery can be eroded by gastric ulcers and cause severe hemorrhage?

A

Splenic artery

139
Q

What may break through and cause severe hemorrhage and release of stomach contents into the omental bursa?

A

Gastric ulcers

140
Q

Common cause of abute abdomen in adults?

A

Appendicitis

141
Q

Ascites

A

The effusion of the peritoneal cavity with fluid

142
Q

Peritonitis

A

An inflammation of the peritoneal cavity

143
Q

Adhesions

A

Scar tissue connecting parietal and visceral peritoneum.

Rossana's Block 2 (2 decks)

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