Lecture # 12 Flashcards
What are innate defenses?
Nonspecific; result of basic anatomy.
What is the role of skin in innate defenses?
Physical barrier; secretions.
What do mucous membranes contain that aids in defense?
Goblet cells & cilia.
What chemicals are involved in innate defenses?
Lysozyme, pH of secretions, chemicals binding iron.
What is the function of normal flora in the body?
Microbial antagonism; stimulates innate defenses in blood.
What is the goal of the first line of defense?
Prevent pathogen entry.
What activates the second line of defense?
When pathogens bypass the first line.
What are the main components of the second line of defense?
Cells, chemicals, processes.
What types of cells are involved in the second line of defense?
Phagocytes.
What chemicals are part of the second line of defense?
Interferons, complement.
What processes are included in the second line of defense?
Inflammation, fever.
What is plasma composed of?
Water, electrolytes, gases, nutrients, proteins.
What is serum?
Plasma without clotting factors.
What are the formed elements in blood?
Erythrocytes, platelets, leukocytes.
What is hematopoiesis?
Process to make blood cells.
What are granulocytes?
Contain large granules that stain different colors.
What is the function of basophils?
Make and release histamine.
What do eosinophils do?
Phagocytosis, diapedesis, attack parasitic worms.
What is the primary function of neutrophils?
Phagocytosis, diapedesis.
What characterizes agranulocytes?
Cytoplasm appears uniform under a light microscope.
What do monocytes mature into?
Macrophages.
What are wandering macrophages?
Leave the blood via diapedesis and move throughout the body.
What are fixed macrophages?
Stay put in their organ or tissue region.
What are Langerhans cells?
Macrophages in the epidermis.
What are alveolar macrophages?
Macrophages in the lungs.
What are microglia?
Macrophages in the central nervous system.
What are Küpffer cells?
Macrophages in the liver.
What does a differential white blood cell count determine?
Proportions of leukocytes in a patient’s blood.
What mnemonic can be used to remember the order of leukocytes from most common to least common?
Never Let Monkeys Eat Bananas.
What does increased eosinophils indicate?
Allergies or parasitic worm infections.
What does increased leukocytes and neutrophils indicate?
Bacterial infection.
What does increased lymphocytes indicate?
Viral infection.
What are the stages of phagocytosis?
Chemotaxis, adherence, ingestion, digestion, elimination.
What is chemotaxis?
Movement of a cell toward chemical stimulus.
What attracts phagocytes during chemotaxis?
Microbial waste products, damaged cells, chemotactic factors.
What is the role of adherence in phagocytosis?
Phagocyte sticks to invader.
What is the formation of a phagosome?
Vesicle containing the bacteria.
What happens during digestion in phagocytosis?
Phagosome fuses with lysosome to form phagolysosome.
What occurs during the elimination stage of phagocytosis?
Exocytosis of debris not wanted by the cell.
What is extracellular killing?
Kill invader from the outside.
How do eosinophils kill invaders?
Secrete toxins onto their surface.
What do natural killer lymphocytes (NK cells) target?
Viral-infected and tumor cells.
What is the role of complement in nonspecific chemical defenses?
Forms Membrane Attack Complex (MAC) on invader surface.
What do interferons do?
Inhibit viral spread, stimulate phagocytosis.
What are the pros of inflammation?
Tissue repair, migration of phagocytes.
What are the cons of inflammation?
Chronic inflammation causes tissue damage.
What triggers fever?
Pyrogens.
What are some types of pyrogens?
Bacterial toxins, antibody-antigen complexes, IL-1.
What are the pros of fever?
Enhances interferon effects, inhibits microorganism growth.
