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NURS211 (Final Exam) > Lecture 12 > Flashcards

Lecture 12 Flashcards

Urinary and Bowel Elimination

1
Q

What is micturition?

A

The entire process of urinary elimination including the urinary and nervous systems

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2
Q

when the brain gives the bladder permission to empty, what happens?

A

Bladder contracts and urinary sphincter relaxes allowing the urine to empty

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3
Q

which kidney is higher than the other and why?

A

The left is higher than the right because of the anatomical position of the liver

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4
Q

Nephrons remove waste products from the blood and play a major role in the regulation of…

A

Fluid and electrolyte balance

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5
Q

what part of the kidney is the ureter attached to?

A

the renal pelvis

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6
Q

what is the normal range of urine production everyday?

A

1 to 2 L/day

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7
Q

How do the kidneys help regulate BP?

A

Via the renin-angiotensin system and the release of aldosterone and prostacyclin

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8
Q

The kidneys affect calcium and phosphate regulation by…

A

producing a substance that converts vitamin D into its active form

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9
Q

what are the two parts of the urinary bladder?

A

A fixed base called the trigone and a distensible body called the detrusor

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10
Q

is the release of urine voluntary or involuntary?

A

voluntary

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11
Q

how long is the male urethra?

A

about 18 to 20 cm (7 to 8 in.) long

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12
Q

how long is the female urethra?

A

about 3 to 4 cm (1 to 1.5in.) long

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13
Q

Why are females at increased risk for UTI?

A

close access to bacteria in the perineal area

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14
Q

what areas of the brain control urination(4)?

A

1) Cerebral cortex

2) Thalamus

3) Hypothalamus

4) Brainstem

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15
Q

There are two micturition centers in the spinal cord. What do they coordinate?

A

1) Inhibition of bladder contraction

2) Bladder contractility

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16
Q

What the bladder fills to approx. (BLANK) most people experience a strong urge to urinate.

A

400 - 600mL

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17
Q

when the time and place is appropriate, the brain sends a message to…

A

relax urinary sphincter and contract the bladder resulting in voiding

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18
Q

When the time and place is inappropriate, the brain sends a message to the micturition centers to…

A

contract the urinary sphincter and relax the urinary bladder (holding it)

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19
Q

children cannot voluntarily control voiding until…

A

18-24 months

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20
Q

readiness for toilet training includes the ability to:

A

1) Recognize the feeling of fullness

2) To hold urine for 1 - 2 hours

3) Communicate the sense of urgency

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21
Q

URINARY

Older adults may experience(4):

A

1) Decreased bladder capacity

2) Increased bladder irritability

3) Increased frequency of bladder contractions during bladder filling

4) Decreased ability to hold urine between initial desire to void and urgent need to void

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22
Q

Increased rate of urinary incontinence in older adults is due to(2):

A

1) Chronic illness

2) Factors that interfere with mobility, cognition, and manual dexterity

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23
Q

When it comes to privacy during voiding, what is acceptable among cultures?

A

Americans and many others expect bathrooms to be private while many other cultures accept communal toilet facilities

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24
Q

Apart from personal preference, what else can dictate who is acceptable to assist in elimination practices?

A

religious and cultural norms

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25
Q

social expectations (e.g. school recesses, work breaks) can interfere with timely (BLANK)

A

voiding

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26
Q

Anxiety can impact the bladder emptying due to:

A

inadequate relaxation of the pelvic floor muscles and urinary sphincter

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27
Q

Depression can decrease the desire for…

A

urinary continence

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28
Q

why does alcohol make you pee alot?

A

It decreases the release of antidiuretic hormones

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29
Q

caffeine and other bladder irritants can prompt unsolicited bladder contractions resulting in…(3)

A

1) Frequency

2) Urgency

3) Incontinence

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30
Q

Diabetes mellitus, multiple sclerosis, and stroke can alter bladder contractility and the ability to sense bladder filling. What will these patients experience(2)?

A

1) Bladder overactivity
2) Deficient bladder emptying

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31
Q

Some conditions can affect a patient’s ability to make it to the toilet on time. list 4.

A

1) Arthritis

2) Parkinson’s disease

3) Dementia

4) Chronic pain syndromes

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32
Q

Spinal cord injury or intervertebral disk disease above S-1 can cause(2):

A

1) Loss of bladder control

2) Impaired coordination between bladder contracting and urinary sphincter

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33
Q

Prostatic enlargement can cause

A

urinary retention

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34
Q

Trauma during abdominal or pelvic surgery sometimes obstructs urine flow. What does this require?

A

Indwelling urinary catheter

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35
Q

What can anesthetic agents do to the urinary system?

A

It can decrease bladder contractility and/or sensation of bladder fullness causing urinary retention

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36
Q

TRUE OF FALSE: Urine color can not change due to drugs

A

F. some drugs change the color of urine

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37
Q

What color does phernazopyridine or Pyridium change urine to?
What is it for?

A

Changes urine orange and it is used for bladder discomfort

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38
Q

What color does riboflavin and vitamin b2 change urine to?

A

Intense yellow

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39
Q

Diuretics can increase urine output by preventing…

A

reabsorption of water and certain electrolytes

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40
Q

what can Anticholinergics do to the urinary system?

A

Increase the risk of urinary retention by inhibiting bladder contractility

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41
Q

what side-effect can hypnotics and sedatives have on the urinary system?

A

they can reduce the ability for a patient to recognize and act upon the urge to void

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42
Q

a cystoscopy may lead to localized trauma of the urethra resulting in…

A

transient (1 to 2 days) dysuria and hematuria

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43
Q

What is dysuria?

A

pain while urinating

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44
Q

what is hematuria?

A

blood in urine

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45
Q

What are factors that influence urination(9)?

GSPPFPSMD

A

1) Growth and development

2) Sociocultural factors

3) Psychological factors

4) Personal habits

5) Fluid intake

6) Pathological conditions

7) Surgical procedures

8) Medications

9) Diagnostic examination

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46
Q

what are urinary tract infections characterized by?

A

characterized by location

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47
Q

what is the upper urinary tract?

A

kidneys and ureters

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48
Q

What is the lower urinary tract?

A

bladder and urethra

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49
Q

What is bacteriuria?

A

presence of bacteria in the urine

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50
Q

bladder infections should be treated with what?

A

antibiotics

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51
Q

infection of the bladder can lead to what(2)?

A

1) Pyelonephritis (upper urinary tract infection)

2) Bacteremia or Urosepsis (life-threatening bloodstream infection

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52
Q

what are UTIs typically caused by?

A

E. coli

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53
Q

what is PVR?

A

post-void-residual urine- incomplete emptying of bladder

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54
Q

How is PVR measured(2)?

A

1) Ultrasound

2) Straight catheterization

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55
Q

What are symptoms of an infection of the lower urinary tract(6)?

A

1) Dysuria

2) Cystitis

3) Frequency

4) Urgency

5) Suprapubic tenderness

6) Foul-smelling and cloudy urine

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56
Q

What is cystitis?

A

inflammation of the bladder

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57
Q

what is a CAUTI?

A

catheter associated urinary tract infection

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58
Q

How much will medicare and medicaid reimburse for a CAUTI?

A

They no longer pay for costs associated with CAUTIs

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59
Q

what are the common forms of Urinary incontinence (UI)(3)?

A

1) Urgency UI

2) Stress UI

3) Mixed UI

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60
Q

An overactive bladder is often accompanied by…(2)

A

1) Urinary frequency

2) Nocturia

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61
Q

what is a functional UI?

A

Urine loss due to inability to reach the toilet

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62
Q

What is multifactoral incontinence?

A

UI caused by multiple interacting risk factors

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63
Q

What is a cystectomy?

A

surgical removal of the bladder

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64
Q

if a cystectomy is performed on a patient, where is the stoma located?

A

a section of intestine is converted into a urine storage and a stoma is created on it (ureterostomy)

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65
Q

what are the two types of continent urinary diversions called(2)?

A

1) Continent urinary reservoir

2) Orthotopic neobladder

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66
Q

What is a nephrostomy?

A

Small tubes tunneled through the skin into the renal pelvis to allow urine diversion to containers strapped to legs

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67
Q

when is a nephrostomy used?

A

when ureters are obstructed it is used to drain urine

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68
Q

A health care provider may suspect that a patient is experiencing urinary retention when the patient has:

A. large amounts of voided cloudy urine.
B. pain in the suprapubic region.
C. spasms and difficulty during urination.
D. small amounts of urine voided two to three times per hour.

A

D

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69
Q

A newly admitted patient states that he has recently had a change in medications and reports that stools are now dry and hard to pass. This type of bowel pattern is consistent with:

A. abnormal defecation.

B. constipation.

C. fecal impaction.

D. fecal incontinence.

A

B

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70
Q

To maintain normal elimination patterns in the hospitalized patient, you should instruct the patient to defecate 1 hour after meals because:

A. the presence of food stimulates peristalsis.

B. mass colonic peristalsis occurs at this time.

C. irregularity helps to develop a habitual pattern.

D. neglecting the urge to defecate can cause diarrhea.

A

B

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71
Q

what kind of infection control is used during perineal care or exam of genetalia?

A

medical asepsis

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72
Q

When your patient asks for help with a private or personal activity, it can be perceived as…(3)

A

1) Embarrassing

2) Being treated like a child

3) May threaten a patient’s self-determination

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73
Q

Things to assess while assessing a patient’s level of continence(3):

A

1) patient’s understanding of problem and their expectations of treatment

2) Patient’s ability to perform necessary behaviors associated with voiding or excreting

3) Patient’s expectations of what the nurse will do and what they can do independently

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74
Q

The nursing history (Urinary) includes a review of the patient’s(3):

A

1) elimination patterns

2) symptoms of urinary alterations

3) assessment of factors affecting the ability to urinate

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75
Q

When assessing the patient (Urinary) ask about daily voiding patterns including(4):

A

1) frequency

2) times of day

3) normal volume

4) recent changes

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76
Q

how many times per day does most people void?

A

5 or more times per day

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77
Q

information about the patient’s pattern of urination helps…

A

establish a baseline for comparison

78
Q

what is Oliguria?

A

decreased urine output

79
Q

what is polyuria?

A

excessive urination

80
Q

How do you assess for kidney tenderness?

A

Percussing - gently percuss the costovertebral angle (angle formed by the spine and the 12th rib)

Auscultation - can detect the presence of renal artery bruit (sound resulting from turbulent blood flow through narrow artery)

81
Q

How do you locate the bladder?

A

Percussion - used to identify a bull bladder - gently tap abdomen along the midline starting just above umbillicus - when sound changes to dull you have found bladder

82
Q

what is involved with a urinary physical assessment(5)?

A

1) kidneys

2) bladder

3) external genitalia and urethral meatus

4) perineal skin

5) fluid intake, patterns, and amounts

83
Q

Impaired urinary elimination
Functional urinary incontinence
Stress urinary incontinence
Urinary incontinence
Impaired urination
Urinary retention

what are these?

A

Nursing Clinical Problems

84
Q

Prioritize:
* Patient’s immediate physical and safety needs
* Patient expectations and readiness to perform some self-care activities

A

Correct as is

85
Q

If overfull bladder is suspected…

A

Further assessment with a bladder scanner is recommended if available

86
Q

what are signs of urethral inflammation and and infection(3)?

A

1) Discharge

2) Lesions

3) Inflammation

87
Q

what is often the goal (outcome) set by nurses concerning elimination?

A

Normal Urinary Elimination

88
Q

Continence nurse specialists assist the patient in learning(3):

A

1) To inhibit urinary urge

2) Strengthen pelvic floor muscles

3) Fluid and food mods

89
Q

when it comes to continence, Occupational therapists assist the patient in learning:

A

Efficient and safe toilet transfers

90
Q

When it comes to continence, the Physical therapist help the patient with:

A

Strengthening exercises of the lower extremities

91
Q

when it comes to continence, social workers facilitate:

A

Obtaining assistive devices in the home that are covered by insurance

92
Q

Although patients often need to learn about all aspects of healthy urinary elimination…

A

its best to focus on a specific elimination process first and incorporate teaching as you provide care

93
Q

to provide addition patient privacy, a nurse can mask the sound of urination by…

A

running the water in the sink

94
Q

avoid the use of incontinence containment products unless…

A

unless needed for uncontrolled urine leakage

95
Q

what can help decrease bladder irritability?

A

adequate fluid intake will help flush out solutes that collect in the urinary system and decrease bladder irritability

96
Q

If patient needs to increase fluid intake what should the nurse do(4)?

A

1) Set a schedule for drinking extra fluids

2) Identify fluid preferences

3) Increase high fluid foods such as fruits

4) Encourage fluid intake in small volumes frequently

97
Q

What can a patient do to help prevent nocturia?

A

Avoid drinking fluids 2 hours prior to bedtime

98
Q

what is a strategy to stimulate bladder contractions?

A

help patients assume the normal position for voiding (women sitting men standing)

99
Q

as a nurse how can you help your patient improve bladder emptying(2)?

A

1) encourage patients to wait until the urine flow stops completely and then encourage them to attempt a second void (double voiding)

2) encourage timed voiding

100
Q

what is timed voiding?

A

voiding according to the clock and not the urge to void

101
Q

what is the Crede method and when should it be implemented?

A

use hands to press against the bladder to assist in voiding (manual compression) and it should not be implemented unless you consult the HCP first

102
Q

Some key nursing intervention that can help avoid a UTI are(3):

A

1) Promoting adequate fluid intake

2) Perineal hygiene

3) Facilitating regular voiding intervals

103
Q

what are the different methods of nursing health promotion regarding the urinary system(4)?

A

1) Patient education

2) Promoting normal micturition

3) Promoting complete bladder emptying

4) Preventing infection

104
Q

Nurses can promote normal micturition by helping the patient to(2):

A

1) Maintain elimination habits

2) Maintain adequate fluid intake

105
Q

what are the various forms of continuing and restorative care associated with the urinary system(5)?

A

1) Lifestyle changes

2) Pelvic floor muscle training

3) Bladder retraining

4) Toileting schedules

5) Intermittent catheterization

106
Q

what are the first-line techniques that are treatments for stress, urge, and urinary incontinence(4)?

A

Known as behavioral therapy which includes:

1) Lifestyle changes

2) Pelvic floor muscle training (PFMT)

3) Bladder retraining

4) A variety of toileting schedules

107
Q

In some cases, patients and caregivers are taught to intermittently catheterize. When?

A

When the bladder does not empty

108
Q

to avoid nocturia, patients with edema can…

A

elevate their legs in the afternoon for a few hours

109
Q

what are some foods and fluids to avoid to reduce bladder irritation and decrease symptoms such as frequency, urgency, and incontinence(4)?

A

1) Artificial sweeteners

2) Spicy foods

3) Citrus products

4) Caffeine

110
Q

what are kegals?

A

Pelvic floor muscle training (PFMT)

111
Q

How are patients taught to inhibit the urge to void?

A

taking slow and deep breaths to relax, perform 5-6 strong pelvic muscle exercises (flicks) in quick succession, then distracting attention from bladder sensations. (This is bladder retraining)

112
Q

when should patients who inhibit the urge to void start their trip to the bathroom?

A

after they have reduced or eliminated the strong urge to void

113
Q

A bladder diary is used to identify voiding patterns and toileting is planned based on their pattern. what is this?

A

Scheduled toileting

114
Q

what is prompted voiding?

A

a version of scheduled toileting used for those who are mildly or moderately cognitively impaired

115
Q

the goal for intermittent catheterization is drainage of…

A

400mL of urine

116
Q

what are the key components of incontinence-associated dermatitis prevention and treatment(3)?

A

1) Gentle skin cleansing w/ no rinse PH balanced cleanser

2) Skin moisturizer

3) Application of a moisture barrier product

117
Q

if a topical fungal infection is developed as a result of incontinence, what is the treatment required?

A

Steroid/antifungal cream or ointment

118
Q

what is chewed up food traveling to the stomach called?

A

a bolus

119
Q

the stomach performs three tasks, what are they(3)?

A

1) A storage container for food and liquid

2) Mixes food with digestive juices into a substance called chyme

3) regulates the emptying of its contents into the small intestine

120
Q

The sphincter between the stomach and esophagus does what?

A

Prevents reflux of stomach contents back into the esophagus

121
Q

reabsorption in the small intestine is so efficient that by the time chyme reaches the end of the small intestine…

A

its a thick liquid with semisolid particles

122
Q

what are the three parts of the small intestine(3)?

A
  1. Duodenum
  2. Jejunum
  3. Ileum
123
Q

what are the parts of the large intestine(5)?

A
  1. ascending colon
  2. transverse colon
  3. descending colon
  4. sigmoid colon

5) rectum

124
Q

what are the three functions of the colon(3)?

A
  1. Absorption
  2. Secretion
  3. Elimination
125
Q

what pushes food through the colon?

A

Mass peristalsis

126
Q

How many times does mass peristalsis occur?

A

3-4 times per day

127
Q

when are the strongest mass peristalsis events?

A

about 1 hour after mealtime

128
Q

each fold in the large intestine contains veins that become distended from pressure during straining. what does this distention result in?

A

hemorrhoid formation

129
Q

what does straining while having a bowel movement indicate?

A

patient may need a diet or fluid change or there could be an underlying GI disorder

130
Q

What are the factors that affect bowel habits(12)?
AFPPPMDPPPSD

A

1) Age

2) Fluid intake

3) Psychological factors

4) Position during defecation

5) Pregnancy

6) Medications

7) Diet

8) Physical activity

9) Personal habits

10) Pain

11) Surgery and anesthesia

12) Diagnostic tests

131
Q

what are the differences of an infants digestive system(3)?

A

1) Smaller stomach capacity

2) Less secretion of digestive enzymes

3) More rapid intestinal peristalsis

132
Q

When do children gain the ability to control defecation?

A

2 or 3 years old

133
Q

What are the changes in adolescent’s digestive tract(2)?

A

1) Rapid growth of the large intestine
2) Increased secretion of gastric acids

134
Q

Describe changes of the digestive tract in older adults(5):

A

1) May have decreased chewing ability

2) Peristalsis declines

3) esophageal emptying slows

4) absorption by the intestinal mucosa is impaired

5) anal sphincter weakens (Can lead to incontinence)

135
Q

Fiber in diet provides the bulk in the fecal material. bulk-forming foods help:

A

Remove fats and waste products from the body

136
Q

some foods may produce gas which…

A

distends the intestinal walls and increase colonic mobility

137
Q

what is the recommended fluid intake for men and women?

A

men: 3L/day
women: 2.2L/day

138
Q

what effect does physical activity have on peristalsis?

A

promotes peristalsis

139
Q

what effect does stress have on the digestive system?

A

accelerated digestive process and increased peristalsis

140
Q

when people resists the urge to defecate, what can happen?

A

constipation

141
Q

if a patient needs to defecate in a bedpan what should you do?

A

raise the head of the bed to help them into a sitting position

142
Q

A number of conditions such as hemorrhoids, rectal surgery, anal fissures (which are painful linear splits in the perianal area), and abdominal surgery result in discomfort. In these instances, the patient often suppresses the urge to defecate to avoid pain. what can happen to them when they do that?

A

constipation

143
Q

why do pregnant women often get constipated and develop hemorrhoids?

A

the growing fetus obstructs the passage of feces and peristalsis slows during the third trimester. Straining during constipation can cause hemorrhoids to develop

144
Q

what type of anesthesia affects the digestive tract and how?

A

general anesthesia causes temporary cessation of peristalsis

145
Q

what is ileus and how long does it last?

A

a surgery where manipulation of the bowels causes peristalsis to cease. usually lasts for 24-48 hours

146
Q

does local anesthesia affect the bowels?

A

minimally or not at all

147
Q

what kinds of meds promote defecation?

A

laxatives

148
Q

what kind of meds control diarrhea?

A

Cathartics

149
Q

can a patient eat or drink before endoscopy, colonoscopy, or other testing that requires visualization of the GI tract?

A

no, patient cannot eat or drink for several hours before and enemas or laxatives are used to ensure intestines will be visible

150
Q

constipation is commonly caused by(5):

A

1) improper diet

2) reduced fluid intake

3) lack of exercise

4) certain medications

5) repeated resistance to urge

151
Q

What are common bowel elimination problems(6)?
CDFIIH

A

1) constipation

2) diarrhea

3) flatulence

4) impaction

5) incontinence

6) hemorrhoids

152
Q

what can excessive diarrhea do to patient?

A

cause excessive loss of fluids leading to dehydration

153
Q

Hemorrhoids are caused by increased venous pressure from(4):

A

1) Straining

2) Pregnancy

3) Heart failure

4) Chronic liver disease

154
Q

describe the consistency of ileostomy and the various colostomies

A

liquid consistancy near the ileum or beginning of the colon and becoming more and more formed as you reach the end

155
Q

Describe stool that leaves an ileostomy

A

fecal effluent leaves body before it enters colon (frequent liquid stools)

156
Q

describe stool that leaves a sigmoid colostomy

A

more solid and formed stool

157
Q

describe stool that leaves a transverse colostomy

A

thick liquid to soft consistency

158
Q

why are stomas placed in the colon and ileum(2)?

A

1) temporary diversion of stool from an area of trauma or perianal wounds

2) may also be used to be a palliative diversion if a tumor is present or a colectomy is performed

159
Q

what happens to the distal portion of the intestine that is cut to create a stoma?

A

it is either surgically removed or left in the abdominal cavity

160
Q

are end ostomies permanent or reversible?

A

it could be either or. the rectum may be left in place or removed

161
Q

what are the different stomas that can be created in the ileum or colon(5)?

A

1) sigmoid colostomy

2) transverse colostomy

3) ileostomy

4) Loop colostomy

5) End colostomy

162
Q

a nursing history associated with the digestive system includes:

A

Bowel patterns and habits

163
Q

What are the assessment factors involved with the digestive system(14)?

A

1) Elimination pattern

2) surgery or illness

3) Stool characteristics

4) Medications

5) Routines

6) Emotional state

7) Bowel diversions

8) Exercise

9) Appetite changes

10) Pain or discomfort

11) Diet history

12) Social history

13) Daily fluid intake

14) Mobility and dexterity

164
Q

Assessing usual bowel elimination patterns includes:

A

Frequency and time of day

165
Q

Assessing the patients description of stool characteristics includes determining if the stool is(3):

A

1) watery or formed

2) soft or hard

3) what color it is

166
Q

how do you get objective data of stool characteristics?

A

use a scale such as the bristol stool form scale

167
Q

Assessment of the routines followed to promote bowel elimination includes things like(4):

A

1) drinking hot liquids

2) eating specific foods

3) taking time to defecate during a certain time of the day

4) use of laxatives, enemas, or bulk-forming additives

168
Q

Assessing presence and status of bowel diversions includes(7):

A

1) determining presence of stoma

2) frequency of emptying stoma pouch

3) character of feces

4) appearance and condition of stoma

5) condition of peristomal skin

6) type of pouching system device used

7) methods to maintain the function of the ostomy

169
Q

Assessing changes in appetite includes(2):

A

1) changes in eating patterns

2) weight loss or gain (if weight was lost or gained assess whether it was intentional or not

170
Q

Why do we assess emotional state during an assessment associated with the digestive function?

A

emotional state can alter frequency and defecation. stress can cause changes in bowel movements

171
Q

why do we assess for abdominal pain in an assessment associated with digestive function?

A

the type, frequency, and location of abdominal pain can help identify the source of the problem

172
Q

what are symptoms of a bowel obstruction(3)?

A

1) cramping pain

2) nausea

3) absence of bowel movements

173
Q

assessing social history for a digestive related assessment includes:

A

whether they share their living quarters with others, how many bathrooms there are. whether they are able to ambulate on their own. these factors can affect access to the restroom

174
Q

why do we assess mobility and dexterity in an assessment related to the digestive system?

A

to determine if they need assistive devices or help from personnel

175
Q

what is type 1 stool?

A

separate hard lumps like nuts (difficult to pass)

176
Q

what is type 2 stool?

A

lumpy and sausage like, mild constipation

177
Q

what is type 3 stool?

A

A sausage shape with cracks in the surface; normal

178
Q

what is type 4 stool?

A

Like a smooth, soft sausage or snake; normal

179
Q

what is type 5 stool?

A

Soft blobs with clear-cut edges (passed easily)

180
Q

what is type 6 stool?

A

fluffy pieces with ragged edges, mushy

181
Q

what is type 7 stool?

A

watery, no solid pieces (entirely liquid)

182
Q

What are these?

Impaired bowel elimination
Bowel incontinence
Constipation
Perceived constipation
Risk for constipation
Diarrhea

A

Nursing Clinical Problems that apply to patients with elimination problems

183
Q

What are these?

*Patient establishes a regular defecation schedule.
*Patient is able to list proper fluid and food intake needed to soften stool and promote regular bowel elimination.
*Patient implements a regular exercise program.
*Patient reports daily passage of soft, formed brown stool.
*Patient does not report straining or discomfort associated with defecation.

A

Nursing Outcomes (Goals)

184
Q

What are continuing and restorative care provided to patients suffering bowel elimination issues(5)?

A

1) Bowel training

2) Maintenance of proper fluid and food intake

3) Promotion of regular exercise

4) Management of the patient with fecal incontinence or diarrhea

5) Maintenance of skin integrity

185
Q

what is bowel training and who can benefit from it?

A

setting a time to defecate each day and using measures that promote defecation. patients with incontinence secondary to cognitive impairment can benefit from it

186
Q

what types of foods promotes normal elimination(3)?

A

1) whole grains

2) legumes

3) fresh fruits and vegetables

187
Q

what kinds of foods are recommended for patients with diarrhea(5)?

A

low residue foods such as:

1) white rice

2) potatoes

3) bread

4) bananas

5) cooked cereals

188
Q

when increasing fiber it is important to…

A

drink enough fluids

189
Q

what happens to stool if you increase fiber without increasing fluid intake?

A

it creates hard poop

190
Q

a patient with diarrhea, fecal incontinence, or an ileostomy is at risk for skin breakdown. why(2)?

A

1) liquid stook contains digestive enzymes that cause rapid breakdown of the skin

2) skin further irritated with repeated wiping with toilet paper or frequent ileostomy pouch changes

191
Q

Ask these questions when expected outcomes concerning bowel elimination have not been met(3):

A

*Do you use medications such as laxatives or enemas to help you defecate? How often?

*What barriers are preventing you from eating a diet high in fiber and participating in regular exercise?

*How much fluid do you drink in a typical day? What types of fluids do you normally drink?

NURS211 (Final Exam) (6 decks)

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