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NURS211 (Final Exam) > Lecture 10 > Flashcards

Lecture 10 Flashcards

1
Q

What is allopathic medication?

A

Traditional western medicine

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2
Q

what kinds of conditions are often difficult for allopathic medicine to fix?

A
  • Chronic back and neck pain
  • Arthritis
  • Gastrointestinal problems
  • Allergies
  • Headache
  • Anxiety
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3
Q

how many patients seek care from their primary physician for stress, pain, and health conditions for which no causes or cures are known?

A

75%

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4
Q

Why do patients investigate complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) therapies?

A
  1. A desire for less invasive, less toxic, and more natural treatments
  2. Lack of satisfaction with allopathic treatments
  3. Desire by patients to take a more active role in their treatment process
  4. belief that a combination of allopathic and CAM treatments produces better results
  5. beliefs that stem from research articles and others6. beliefs that a holistic approach offers better results
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5
Q

what are complementary treatments?

A

therapies used in addition to conventional treatment (AKA integrative therapies)

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6
Q

What are alternative therapies?

A

therapies that replace allopathic medical care

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7
Q

What is Complementary and Alternative Medicine (CAM)?

A

health care approaches with a history of use or origins outside of mainstream medicine

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8
Q

do Complementary therapies require special training?

A

yes and no.
* Many, including therapeutic touch, contain diagnostic and therapeutic methods that require special training.
* Others, such as guided imagery and breathwork, are easily learned and applied

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9
Q
  • Therapeutic touch
  • Guided imagery
  • Breathwork
  • Relaxation
  • Exercise
  • Massage
  • Reflexology
  • Biofeedback
  • Hypnotherapy
  • Creative therapies (Art, music, dance)
  • Chiropractic Therapy
  • Herbs/supplements

These are examples of what?

A

CAM therapies

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10
Q

what kind of therapies are included in alternative therapies?

A

the same as complementary, except they are the primary treatment, replacing allopathic medical care

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11
Q

what are based on completely different philosophies and life systems than those used in allopathic medicine?

A

Alternative therapies

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12
Q

What care some examples of Whole Medical Systems?

A
  • Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM)
  • Ayurveda (one of the oldest whole body healing systems; Developed in India over 3,000 years ago)
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13
Q

Describe Ayurveda.

A

It is based on the belief that health and wellness depends on a balance between the mind, body, and spirit

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14
Q

What is the goal of Ayurveda?

A
  • To promote good health, not fight disease
  • Treatments may be geared toward a specific health problem
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15
Q

why have many healthcare programs (including medical and nursing schools) integrated conventional biomedical education with programs that incorporate complementary and alternative therapy content?

A

because of the increased interest in CAM therapies

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16
Q

Describe Integrative healthcare

A
  • Emphasizes the importance of practitioner-patient relationship
  • Focuses on the whole person, not just treatment of a disease
  • is informed by evidence
  • makes use of appropriate therapeutic approaches, healthcare professionals, and disciplines to achieve optimal health
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17
Q

describe holistic nursing.

A
  • Holistic nursing regards and treats the mind-body-spirit of the patient
  • Uses holistic nursing interventions such as relaxation therapy, music therapy, touch therapies, and guided imagery
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18
Q

who maintains the Standards of Holistic Nursing Practice?

A

The American Holistic Nurses Association

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19
Q

What makes it difficult to establish the specific benefits of complementary therapies?

A

limited data

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20
Q

Nurses should weight the risks and benefits of each intervention when recommending complementary therapies. How?

A

Consider:
1. The history of the therapy

  1. Nursing’s history and experience with the therapy
  2. Outcomes and safety data available (case studies and qualitative research)
  3. The cultural influences and context for certain patient populations
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21
Q

how is integrative nursing defined?

A

a way of being-knowing-doing that advances the health and well-being of people, families, and communities through caring relationships

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22
Q

what is Relaxation Therapy?

A

A therapy that helps people develop cognitive skills to reduce the negative ways in which they respond to stimulations in their environment

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23
Q

What cognitive skills does relaxation therapy help people develop?

A
  • Focusing - The ability to identify, differentiate, maintain attention on, and return attention to simple stimuli for an extended period
  • Passivity - The ability to stop unnecessary goal-directed and analytic activity
  • Receptivity - The ability to tolerate and accept experiences that are uncertain, unfamiliar, or paradoxical
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24
Q

What does progressive relaxation training teach people?

A
  • how to rest and reduce tension in the body
  • How to detect subtle localized muscle tension sequentially, one muscle group at a time
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25
Q

a patient uses slow, deep abdominal breathing while tightening and relaxing an ordered succession of muscle groups, focusing on the associated bodily sensations while letting go of extraneous thoughts. This is an example of what?

A

An active progressive relaxation technique

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26
Q

What is the goal of passive relaxation?

A

To still the mind and body intentionally without the need to tighten and relax any particular body part

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27
Q

A patient is performing slow, abdominal breathing exercises while imaging warmth and relaxation flowing through specific body parts such as the lungs or hands. This is an example of what?

A

Passive relaxation

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28
Q

Who is passive relaxation useful for?

A

People whose effort and energy expenditure of active muscle contracting leads to exhaustion or discomfort

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29
Q

does relaxation techniques always lead to good outcomes?

A

No, on occasion, some relaxation techniques result in continued intensification of symptoms or the development of new symptoms

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30
Q

who is progressive relaxation not recommended for?

A

weak patients

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31
Q

what type of therapy is yoga?

A

progressive relaxation therapy

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32
Q

What is Meditation?

A

limits stimulus input by directing attention to a single unchanging or repetitive stimulus to become more aware of self

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33
Q

What are the four components of Meditation?

A
  1. quiet space
  2. comfortable position
  3. receptive attitude
  4. focus of attention
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34
Q

What are the benefits of Meditation

A
  • Reduces BP
  • Reduces relapses in alcohol treatment programs
  • often leads cancer patients to experience less depression, anxiety, and distress
  • benefits people suffering PTSD and chronic pain
  • Increases overall productivity, improves mood, increases sense of identity, and lowers irritability
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35
Q

what do you need to consider before recommending Meditation to a patient?

A

Consider the patient’s degree of self-discipline. Meditation requires ongoing practice to achieve lasting results

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36
Q

Meditation is contraindicated for who?

A
  • A person with a fear of losing control will possibly perceive it as a form of mind control and will be resistant to learning
  • Some become hypertensive during meditation and require a shorter than average session (15-20 minutes)
  • Meditation can enhance the effects of some drugs
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37
Q

Prolonged meditation sometimes reduces the need for certain drugs, what are they?

A
  • Hypertensive meds
  • Thyroid-regulating meds
  • Psychotropic meds (e.g. antidepressants and antianxiety agents
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38
Q

What does Meditation do physiologically?

A
  • Lowers oxygen consumption
  • Reduces respiratory and heart rates
  • Reduces anxiety
  • Lowers BP
39
Q

What is the difference between guided and self-directed imagery?

A
  • Guided imagery - a practitioner leads a patient through a particular scenario
  • Self-directed imagery - Patients create their own mental images
40
Q

what is Imagery?

A

A mind-body therapy that uses the conscious mind to create mental images to stimulate:
* physical changes in the body
* improve perceived well-being
* enhance self-awareness

41
Q

Imagery often evokes powerful psychophysiological responses such as…

A

Alterations in :
* Gastric secretions
* Body chemistry
* Internal and superficial blood flow
* Wound healing
* Heart Rate

42
Q

Most imagery involves visual images, but it can also involve:

A
  • taste
  • smell
  • sound
  • proprioception
43
Q

What is creative visualization?

A

Self-directed imagery based on principles of mind-body connectivity

44
Q

What can Imagery help with?

A
  • Relieving pain
  • Decreasing nightmares
  • Improving sleep
45
Q

What are potential side effects of Imagery?

A
  • Anxiety and fear can occur PTSD and social anxiety disorders
  • Some with CPOD and asthma experience increased airway constriction
46
Q

Some CAM therapies require postgraduate certificates or degrees indicating the completion of additional education and training, national certification, or additional licensure beyond the RN to practice and administer them. What are they?

A
  • Biofeedback
  • Acupuncture
  • Therapeutic Touch
  • Traditional Chinese Medicine
  • The use of natural products and herbal therapies
47
Q

What is Biofeedback?

A

A mind-body technique that uses instruments to teach self-regulation and voluntary self-control over specific physiological responses.

48
Q

Describe the use of instruments in Biofeedback.

A

Instruments measure, process, and provide information about neuromuscular and autonomic nervous system activity

49
Q

What type of feedback is obtained by biofeedback therapy?

A

immediate feedback is provided in physical, auditory, and/or visual signals

50
Q

what is biofeedback used for?

A
  • It increases a persons awareness of internal processes that are linked to illness and distress
  • Used to change thinking, emotions, and behaviors which support beneficial physiological changes
  • Used to determine which stress relaxation therapies work best
51
Q

Which conditions and diseases is biofeedback used to help with?

A
  • Stroke recovery
  • Smoking
  • ADHD
  • Epilepsy
  • Headaches
  • GI and Urinary tract disorders
52
Q

Long-term use of biofeedback sometimes lowers what?

A
  • Blood pressure
  • Heart rate
53
Q

What negative effects can biofeedback have?

A

Repressed emotions for which coping is difficult sometimes surface

54
Q

Acupuncture is a key component of what whole medical system?

A

Traditional Chinese Medicine

55
Q

when applied outside the whole system practice of TCM, acupuncture is viewed as…

A

a mind-body therapy and is called medical acupuncture

56
Q

in the US, who performs acupuncture?

A

conventionally trained healthcare provider

57
Q

Describe acupuncture

A
  • Acupuncture regulates or realigns the vital energy (Qi), which flows through the body in channels called meridians.
  • An obstruction in these channels blocks energy flow in other parts of the body.
  • Acupuncturists insert needles in specific areas along the channels called acupoints to reestablish Qi flow
58
Q

Current evidence shows that acupuncture…

A

modifies the bodies response to pain and how pain is processed by the nervous system

59
Q

Acupuncture is effective for a number of problems including…

A
  • Low back pain
  • Myofascial pain
  • Hot flashes
  • headaches
  • Osteoarthritis
  • Plantar heel pain
  • Chronic shoulder pain
60
Q

Exercise caution when recommending acupuncture to…

A

Patients who:
* Are pregnant
* Have a history of seizures
* Are carriers of Hepatitis
* Are immunocompromised
* Have bleeding disorders
* Have skin infections

61
Q

What is Therapeutic Touch (TT)?

A

A therapy that attempts to redirect energy to bring the person back into an energy balance similar to that of the practitioner performing the therapy through touch or closeness of a practitioners hands.

62
Q

What are the phases of Therapeutic touch?

A
  1. Centering
  2. Assessing
  3. Unruffling
  4. Treating
  5. Evaluating
63
Q

Describe the centering phase of therapeutic touch

A

the practitioner centers physically and psychologically, becoming fully present in the moment and quieting outside distractions

64
Q

Describe the Assessing phase of therapeutic touch

A

The practitioner scans the body of the patient with the palms (roughly 2-6 inches from the body) from head to toe

65
Q

Describe the Unruffling phase of therapeutic touch

A

While assessing the energetic biofield of the patient, the practitioner focuses on the quality of qi and areas of energy obstructions, redirecting the energy to harmonize and move

66
Q

Describe the Treating phase of therapeutic touch

A

using long downward strokes over the energy fields of the body, the practitioner touches the body or maintains the hands in a position a few inches away from the body

67
Q

Describe the Evaluating phase of therapeutic touch

A

Ensuring that energy is flowing freely, and determining additional outcomes and responses to the treatment

68
Q

although therapeutic touch may be effective in treating pain in adults and children, dementia, trauma, and anxiety during acute and chronic illness, what does evidence show concerning therapeutic touch?

A

inconclusive

69
Q

How does Chinese medicine view health?

A

as “life in balance”, which manifests as lustrous hair, a radiant complexion, engaged interactions, a body that functions without limitations, and emotional balance

70
Q

what does Chinese medicine health promotion encourage?

A
  • Healthy diet
  • Moderate regular exercise
  • Regular meditation
  • Healthy family and social relationships
  • Avoidance of environmental hazards such as cigarette smoke
71
Q

What does Yin represent?

A

Represents shade, cold and inhibition and inner body organs

72
Q

What does Yang represent?

A

Represents fire, light, excitement, and outer body organs

73
Q

Harmony and balance in every aspect of life are the keys to…

A

Health

74
Q

When it comes to chinese medicine, what does imbalance lead to?

A

Disruption of vital energy causing disruptions (disease) along the meridians.

75
Q

TCM practitioners use 4 methods to evaluate a patients condition. What are they?

A
  1. Observing
  2. Hearing/smelling
  3. Asking/interviewing
  4. Touching/palpating
76
Q

What therapeutic modalities exist within TCM?

A
  • Acupuncture
  • Chinese Herbs
  • Tui Na Massage
  • Moxibustion
  • Cupping
  • Tai Chi- Qi Gong
  • Lifestyle modifications
  • Dietary changes
77
Q

What is Moxibustion?

A

burning moxa, a cone or stick of dried herbs that has healing properties on or near the skin

78
Q

What is Cupping?

A

placing a heated cup on the skin to create a slight suction

79
Q

What is Tai Chi?

A

Originally a martial art that is now viewed as a moving meditation in which patients move their bodies slowly, gently, and with awareness while breathing

80
Q

What is Qi Gong?

A

Originally a martial art, now viewed as a series of carefully choreographed movements or gestures that are designed to promote and manipulate the flow of qi within the body

81
Q

how are herbal medicines regulated?

A

They are not regulated and not approved for use as drugs

82
Q

True or false: Natural = Safe

A

F

83
Q

what are the most frequently used natural products and herbal therapies?

A
  • Garlic
  • Cranberry
  • Echinacea
  • Saw Palmetto
  • Ginkgo Biloba
  • Soy- Ginseng
  • Black Cohosh
  • St. John’s Wort
  • Glucosamine
  • Peppermint
  • Fish oil
  • Milk Thistle
84
Q

what is one way to verify herbal therapies and natural products are safe for use?

A

those that have been verified by the US Pharmacopeia (USP)

85
Q

What do you need to watch out for when using natural products and herbal therapies

A

Interactions with other drugs

86
Q

Describe Chamomile

A

characteristics: Anti-inflammatory

Considerations: Increased risk of bleeding with anticoagulants

87
Q

Describe Cranberry

A

Characteristics: Prevention of UTIs

Considerations: Decreases how some medications are broken down in the liver

88
Q

Describe Echinacea

A

Characteristics: Stimulates immune system

Considerations: May interact with counteraction immunosuppressant drugs

89
Q

Describe Garlic

A

Characteristics: Cardiovascular use - decreases BP and helps lower LDL

Considerations: Increases risk of bleeding with anticoagulants and changes breakdown of medications in the liver

90
Q

Describe Ginger Root

A

Characteristics: Decreases nausea and vomiting

Considerations: Can interfere with cardiac, antidiabetic, and anticoagulant drugs

91
Q

Describe Gingko Biloba

A

Characteristics: Memory improvement

Considerations: Interacts with blood thinners

92
Q

Describe St. Johns Wort

A

Characteristics: Used for depression

Considerations: Effects how meds are broken down. NOT to be used with antidepressants

93
Q

An athletic young woman has just fractured her leg while training for a marathon. The use of meditation has many physiological properties that will help the young woman to:
A. raise blood pressure.
B. increase mood swings.
C. increase oxygen consumption.
D. lower muscle tension.

A

D

NURS211 (Final Exam) (6 decks)

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