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Molecules to Cells > Lecture 12 > Flashcards

Lecture 12 Flashcards

1
Q

The cell cycle is driven by

A

cyclin dependen kinases (Cdks)

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2
Q

Cdks _____ key proteins to control their function

A

phosphorylate

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3
Q

Cohesin rings are added when _________ and hold _____ together until _______

A

DNA is replicated
sister chromatids
anaphase

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4
Q

The centrosome must duplicate in what phase?

A

S phase

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5
Q

The centrosome nucleates more MTs in what

A

mitosis

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6
Q

Each daughter cell gets a ______after _____

A

centrosome
cytokinesis

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7
Q

The spindle contains how many dif groups of microtubules?

A

3

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8
Q

what three microtubules do the spindles contain?

A

astral MT
kinetochore MT
interpolar MT

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9
Q

Kinetochore MTs

A

MTs have to find and attach to the kinetochores - must be able to undergo co-ordinate assembly and disassembly

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10
Q

interpolar MTs

A

MTs growing from one pole must meet those from the other pole and form anti-parallel interactions

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11
Q

Astral MTs

A

highly dynamic
crucial role in anaphase

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12
Q

The number of microtubules nucleated by the centrosomes ______ from prophase

A

increases

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13
Q

Catastrophe

A

when MTs switch from growing to shrinking

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14
Q

Why do dynamics increase? (and what is the result)

A
  • some MAPs are inactivated when phsphorylated by the mitotic kinase M-Cdk
  • proteins that trigger microtubule catastrophe are activated in mitosis
    result: more chance of MTs growing from each centrosome contacting each other or chromosomes
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15
Q

What does the activation of condensin do?

A

chromosomes condense (prophase)

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16
Q

What does the activation of microtubule catastrophe proteins do?

A

microtubules more dynamic

17
Q

What does the inactivation of MAPs do?

A

microtubules more dynamic

18
Q

what does the inactivation of nuclear lamins do?

A

nuclear envelope disassembles

19
Q

What happens in prophase

A

chromosomes condense in prophase because condensins compact the DNA

20
Q

What are condensins activated by in prophase?

A

by phosphorylation by M-Cdk

21
Q

What happens when the bipolar miotic spindle starts to form?

A

MTs growing from the two centrosomes meet and start to interact via antiparallel interactions

22
Q

What does the overlap zone drive?

A

pole separation

23
Q

How does the mitotic spindle get set up?

A

the kinesin Eg5 cross-links anti-parallel microtubules and starts pushing the centrosomes apart to form the spindle pores

24
Q

the Kinesin Eg5 ______ anti-parallel microtubules and starts pushing the ________ apart to form the spindle poles

A

cross-links
centrosomes

25
Q

Eg is also needed for ____

A

anaphase

26
Q

Eg5 inhibition blocks _____

A

bipolar spindle formation

27
Q

Monopolar spindle

A

Eg5 inhibition with moastrol prevents cetrosomes from separating in prophase and prometaphase

28
Q

Anti-parallel interactions mediated by Eg5 ___ the microtubules

A

stabilize

29
Q

Prophase to pro-metaphase transition

A

the nuclear envelope disassmebles at prometaphase in many species

30
Q

When do the nuclear envelope and nuclear lamins reassemble?

A

Telophase

31
Q

What does the golgi apparatus do in pro-metaphase so that each daughter cell inherits equal amounts of golgi apparatus membranes?

A

fragments

32
Q

Secretion and endocytosis __ during the prophase to pro-metaphase transition

A

stop

33
Q

What is the result of everything that happens during the prophase to pro-metaphase transition?

A

more chance of MTs growing from each centrosome contacting chromosomes quickly

34
Q

Kinetochore

A

specialized protein structure that assembles on to the cetromere region of the chromosome in prophase

35
Q

What allows the kinetochore to move along the attached MTs?

A

Dynein and kinesin

36
Q

What is the goal of kinetochore movement?

A

for the two kinetochores on one chromosome to become attached to MTs coming from opposite poles

37
Q

Properties of kinetochore (5)

A
  • specialized chromosomal structure needed for spindle attachment
  • binds multiple MTs at once
  • microtubule bundles attached to the kinetochore can switch between growing and shrinking in regulated way
  • kinetochores move in both directions along MT by harnessing MT assembly and diassembly and using dynein and kinesins
  • kinetochores properly attache to MT from both poles are under tension - tension is needed before mitosis can proceed

Molecules to Cells (16 decks)

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