Lecture 1

Question 1

What does cell theory state? (3)

Answer 1

1. cells are the fundamental units of life
2. all organisms are composed of cells
3. all cells come from pre-existing cells

Question 2

Differences between prokaryotes and Eukaryotes (3)

Answer 2

1. P: no nucleus (DNA is free floating) E: nucleus containing DNA
2. P: no internal membranes E: complex internal membrane system
3. P: basic cytoskeleton E: extensive cytoskeleton

Question 3

Where do archaea live?

Answer 3

Many live in hostile environments - acidic hot springs, volcanic vents, marine sediment, cow’s stomachs

Question 4

What is the endoplasmic reticulum (ER)

Answer 4

Makes secretory and membrane proteins, and also lipids - very dynamic

Question 5

ER specilization

Answer 5

Smooth ER: abundant in human cells and active in lipid metabolism and in liver for detox of lipid soluble compounds
Sarcoplasmic reticulum = ER derived calcium store in muscle cells - important role in muscle contraction

Question 6

What is the golgi apparatus (4)

Answer 6

• receives proteins and lipids as cargo from the ER
• cargo transits golgi to plasma membrane
• modification of cargo (i.e. glycosylation)
• Sorting of cargo to correct location

Question 7

What is cytosol? (3)

Answer 7

• largest single compartment in the cell
• site of many fundamental cellular processes
• i.e. protein synthesis and degradation + intermediary metabolism (i.e. glycolysis)

Question 8

What does phosphorylation do? (6)

Answer 8

1. cell growth
2. gene expression
3. cell survival
4. cell cycle
5. cell division
6. metabolism

Question 9

ATP + GTP key roles in cells (2)

Answer 9

1. nucleotide binding can control protein shape, activity, and function - fast hydrolysis of ATP drives movement (motor proteins) - slow hydrolysis rate gives a switch activity (ATP and GTP)
2. phosphorylation: addition of a phosphate group from ATP to serine, threonine, or tyrosine controls protein function