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Botany > Lecture > Flashcards

Lecture Flashcards

1
Q

– the broad part of the leaf where most of the photosynthesis happens and where the leaf veins can be found; contains the microscopic stomata for gas exchange in leaves

A

▪ lamina (leaf blade)

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2
Q

– the stalk that supports a leaf in a plant and attaches it to the stem

A

▪ petiole/leaf stalk

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3
Q

– two small flaps of tissue at the base of the petiole; protects the apical meristem while the leaf is young and small; when these are large enough, they have the capability to contribute a significant amount of photosynthesis

A

stipule

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4
Q

– the protruding part of the leaf

A

▪ leaf apex

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5
Q

– the perimeter of the leaf between the apex and base

A

▪ margin

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6
Q

– the part of the lamina that is attached to the petiole of the leaf

A

▪ base

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7
Q

– the angle formed by the attachment of a leaf to the stem o monocots

A

▪ leaf axil

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8
Q

– the basal part of a grass leaf that encircles the stem

A

▪ leaf sheath

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9
Q

– the expanded part of the monocot leaf which is usually uniform in thickness when midrib is absent

A

▪ leaf lamina

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10
Q
  • a tissue outgrowth at the juncture between the blade and the sheath, the specialized basal region of the leaf that wraps around the stem
A

▪ ligule

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11
Q

– the earlike lobes or appendages which are borne, one on either side, at the base of the leaf blade

A

▪ auricle

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12
Q

– leaves with undivided blade or lamina

A

Simple leaves

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13
Q

– has leaflets that occur in succession along a rachis

A

Pinnately compound

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14
Q

– has leaflets radiating outwards from the end of the petiole, like fingers off the palm of a hand

A

Palmately compound

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15
Q

Compare monocot and dicot in terms of mesophyll cells

A

Monocot- single-layered

Dicot-two different mesophylls, i.e. palisade mesophyll and spongy mesophyll

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16
Q

Compare monocot and dicot in terms of Motor or Bulliform

Cells

A

Monocot- epidermal cells present in the upper surface of the monocot leaf; they large, empty and colorless, and present in the midvein

Dicot- absent

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17
Q

Compare monocot and dicot in terms of Intercellular spaces

A

Monocot- small due to the compact arrangement of mesophyll cells
Dicot- large due to the presence of loosely packed
mesophyll cells

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18
Q

Compare monocot and dicot in terms of Vascular bundles

A

Monocot- many small and large-sized vascular bundles present in a
parallel pattern
Dicot- generally large

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19
Q

Compare monocot and dicot in terms of Protoxylem - -

A

monocot- protoxylem elements are distinguishable as
protoxylem lacuna
dicot- do not show differentiation into protoxylem elements

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20
Q

Compare monocot and dicot in terms of Bundle sheath

A
  • monocot leaves- single or double layer; colored cells due to the presence of chloroplasts -
  • Dicot- generally single-layered; colorless cells
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21
Q

Compare monocot and dicot in terms of Stomata

A

Monocot- dumbbellshaped guard cells

Dicot- bean shaped guard cells

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22
Q

happens through the plant’s stomata; the water vapor from the leaves exits through the stomata of plants cooling the plant when the weather is very hot; this process also pulls the water molecules upwards, from the stem and roots and leaves then out of the stomata

A
  • transpiration
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23
Q

happens at night when the stomata are close and when transpiration can not remove water from the plant like it does during the day

A
  • guttation
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24
Q

– where most photosynthesis takes place

A

➢ Mesophyll

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25
Q

– composed of tightly packed parenchyma cells and may contain more than 80% of the leaf’s chloroplast

A

➢ Palisade mesophyll

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26
Q

– contains loosely arranged parenchyma cells resulting to an abundant air spaces in between them

A

➢ Spongy mesophyll

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27
Q

– these are parenchyma cells that contain chloroplasts, mainly found in leaves but are also found in herbaceous plant parts, green stems, and green roots.

A

➢ Chlorenchyma cells

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28
Q
  • this is the normal shedding of an old leaf at the base of the petiole
A

Leaf abscission

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29
Q

plants that seasonally drop their leaves

A
  • deciduous –
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30
Q

– it is where abscission occur; located at the base of the petiole of each leaf

A
  • abscission zone
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31
Q

– these are leaves with lesser sun exposure, tend to be larger than their counterparts in the sun, and are much thinner

A

➢ shade leaves

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32
Q

– these are thick leathery leaves with fewer stomata of plants found in arid places

A

➢ fleshy leaves

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33
Q

– these are non-photosynthetic modified leaves that serve as storage and protection of an emerging bud

A

➢ scale leaves

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34
Q
  • submerged leaves of plants that grow in water usually have considerably less xylem than phloem, and the mesophyll, which is not differentiated into palisade and spongy layers, has large air spaces
A

➢ aquatic leaves

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35
Q

– modified leaves that function for support and climbing by tightly curling around rigid objects

A

➢ tendrils

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36
Q

– leaves are reduced into these modification to further avoid plant desiccation in arid areas and these also function as protection from browsing animals

A

➢ spines

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37
Q

➢– contain large amounts of thin-walled parenchyma cells for water storage

A

storage leaves/succulent leaves

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38
Q

– new plants emerge from the margins of the leaf like what happens to Kalanchoe pinnata

A

➢ reproductive leaves

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39
Q

– these are found at the bases of flowers or flower stalks; these function as attractant to pollinators

A

➢ floral leaves (bracts)

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40
Q

➢ - these are found in pitcher plants, sundews, venus flytrap, and bladderworts; these are specialized leaves that function for acquiring the needed nutrients of plants through digesting insects that they trap

A

insect-trapping leaves

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41
Q

State three economic importance of leaves

A
  1. May serve as source of food.
  2. May serve as source of fiber.
  3. May serve as source of medicine.
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42
Q

the main function of ______ of plants is to transport water, minerals and nutrients to every inch of the plant body

A

vascular tissues

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43
Q

– water and minerals absorbed by roots are drawn upwards through this type of vascular tissue

A

o xylem

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44
Q

– sugar produced by photosynthesis is exported from leaves to other organs through this vascular tissue

A

o phloem

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45
Q

– wide, thin walled, hollow cells; dead at maturity (sclerenchyma
tissue); function for transport and support

A
  • vessel elements
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46
Q

– narrower, tapered cells; have pits at ends that allow water transport

A
  • tracheid
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47
Q
  • it is a measure of where water wants to go into a plant; determines the direction of movement of water
A

Water Potential

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48
Q

True of false?

Solute Potential can either be positive or negative.

A

False. IT’S ALWAYS NEGATIVE

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49
Q

is the physical pressure on a solution

A

pressure potential

50
Q
  • results from the swelling of a plant cell against its cell wall
A

Turgor Pressure

51
Q
  • the extracellular pathway of cell wall

- substances move between cells trough the cell walls, which are connected

A

Apoplast Route

52
Q
  • during ______ elements and organic solutes are transferred between the xylem and phloem by extensive exchange processes
A

long-distance transport,

53
Q
  • water and solutes move through xylem and phloem by ____, the movement of a fluid driven by pressure
A

bulk flow

54
Q

is the evaporation of water from leaves and other parts of the plant

A
  • transpiration
55
Q

▪ this upward push of xylem sap is called

A

root pressure

56
Q

PULLING Xylem Sap can be explained by ____

A

Cohesion-tension Theory

57
Q

water to water bonding is ___; water to non-water/other surface bonding is___

A

cohesion; adhesion

58
Q

Explain the Mechanism for Stomatal Opening and Closing with the following keywords

  • K+
  • solute potential
  • higher water potential to lower potential
  • turgor pressure
A

K+ is pumped into guard cells by active transport.

  • solute potential becomes negative.
  • water moves from the higher water potential to lower potential entering the guard cells. - turgor pressure cause cells to bow out & creates open stoma.
59
Q

Give the 3 Stimuli that Cause Stomatal Opening

A
  • blue light receptors signal .
  • depletion of carbon dioxide
  • circadian rhythms-
60
Q
  • ____ causes stomatal closing during the day.; ____is a hormone produced in the roots to cause this response
A

environmental stress (heat/drought); absciscic acid

61
Q
  • phloem, carries phloem sap (contains carbohydrate) from a sugar source to a sugar
A

Phloem Sugar Transport

62
Q

▪ _____an organ where sugar is being produced usually leaves
▪ ____An organ that consumes or stores sugar usually roots, growing stems, buds, and fruits

A

Sugar source; Sugar sink

63
Q

Explain Pressure Flow: Mechanism of Translocation in Phloem with the following key words/phrases
- pressure at source
pressure in sink
water diffusion/translocation

A

pressure is created at source as sugar is produce

  • pressure decreases in sink as sugar is used
  • water diffuses into phloem from xylem due to decrease water potential & pushes the sugar from source to sink. this is known as translocation
64
Q

– these are plants that flower only once; vegetative growth ceases at floral initiation e.g., grasses, small grains, corn

A

determinant

65
Q

– these are plants that continue to grow vegetatively after floral initiation; flower for longer period of time e.g., beans, cotton, petunia

A

indeterminant

66
Q

– borne singly on a stalk; solitary flowers

– arranged in multiples or clusters often called an inflorescences

A

a) simple flowers

b) compound flowers

67
Q

– a common strategy employed by hermaphroditic angiosperms to reduce sexual interference between male (anthers) and female (stigma) function; differs from other such strategies (e.g., dichogamy) by supplying a spatial separation of the anthers and stigma

A

Herkogamy/hercogamy

68
Q
  • the production of male and female reproductive elements at different times by a hermaphroditic organism in order to ensure cross-fertilization
A

Dichogamy

69
Q

– inability of pollen grains to fertilize flowers of the same plant or its close relatives; acts as a mechanism to ensure out breeding within some plant species, for example in the case of the s gene complex in brassicas

A

Self-incompatibility

70
Q
  • involves naturally occurring emasculation of the male gamete, thus preventing self-pollination in plant species; the growth of the pollen tube in the pistil or the germination of pollen grains is inhibited and this prevents the fertilization of the ovules from the pollen of the same flower
A

Male sterility

71
Q
  • the condition of an organism or species capable of producing only male or female gametes (sex cells) but never both; cross-pollination always occurs when the plants are unisexual and dioecious.
A

Dioecism

72
Q
  • the flowers of some plants have different lengths of stamens and styles so that self-pollination is not possible
A

Heterostyly

73
Q

: a sugary solution produced in special flower glands called nectaries

A

nectar

74
Q

: high in protein content some bettles and bees like to eat

A

pollen

75
Q

cells which supports the embryo in the endosperm

A

suspensor,

76
Q

Distinguish the EXTERNAL STRUCTURE between Phaseolus vulgaris and Ricinus communis

A

Phaseolus vulgaris- have hilum, micropyle, and raphe

Ricinus communis- has an external structure called the caruncle, which is a spongy outgrowth of the outer seed coat.

77
Q

layer that contain proteins and fats but little or no starch.

A

the aleurone layer

78
Q

The shoot apex, together with several rudimentary leaves, is ensheathed by a

A

coleoptile

79
Q

The radicle is surrounded by the

A

coleorhiza

80
Q

A relatively large part of the grass embryo is a very specialized, shield-shaped cotyledon called the

A

scutellum

81
Q

the straightening of the hypocotyl raises the cotyledons and shoot apex toward the light is called

A

epigeal germination.

82
Q

When the pea epicotyl straightens, the cotyledons remain below ground, and only the apex and first leaf are raised upward. This is called

A

hypogeal germination

83
Q

inability to germinate because of reduced physiological activity

A

dormancy

84
Q

A ____, the ripened ovary of a flower, is an important auxiliary structure in the sexual life cycle of angiosperms

A

fruit

85
Q

Tissues other than the ovary wall that form part of a fruit, are referred to as ___

A

accessory

86
Q

The tiny individual fruits, called ____ , are simple, dry fruits. They are embedded in an enlarged fleshy receptacle.

A

achenes

87
Q

The legume or pod is the type of fruit found in nearly all members of what family???

A

the pea family (Fabaceae)

88
Q

The _____ is the characteristic fruit of members of the mustard family (Brassicaceae).

A

silique

89
Q

The _____ is the fruit of the grass family (Poaceae),

A

caryopsis or grain

90
Q

The schizocarp is a fruit characteristic of ___ family which includes celery (Apium graveolens). The schizocarp consists of___carpels that split, when mature, along the midline into two one-seeded, indehiscent halves

A

carrot family (Apiaceae); two

91
Q

typical ___ is a one-seeded, indehiscent dry fruit with a hard or stony pericarp (shell).

A

nut

92
Q

Note that unshelled almonds (Prunus sp.), are really not nuts but fleshy fruits known as

A

drupes

93
Q 
True or false?
Brazil nuts (Bertholleda excelsa) are BERRIES, not nuts, and the unshelled peanut (Arachis hypogaea) is really a SEED
A

FALSE. Brazil nuts (Bertholleda excelsa) are SEEDS, not nuts, and the unshelled peanut (Arachis hypogaea) is really a POD

94
Q

A ____ is a fleshy type of fruit that is derived from a compound ovary.

A

berry

95
Q

Lemons, oranges, limes, and grapefruits (all Citrus sps.) are a type of berry called a

A

hesperidium.

96
Q

The fruits of watermelon (Citrullus vulgaris), cucumber, and squash–all members of the cucumber family (Cucurbitaceae)–are a kind of berry called a

A

pepo

97
Q

Apples (Malus sp.) and pears (Pyrus sp.), both in the Rosaceae family, are examples of

A

pomes.

98
Q

An _____ is formed from numerous carpels of one individual flower. These fruits are made up of many simple fruits attached to a fleshy receptacle.

A

aggregate fruit

99
Q

A ____ is formed from individual ovaries of several flowers, all clumped together.

A

multiple fruit

100
Q

Fruits that develop without fertilization are called __

A

parthenocarpic

101
Q

TRUE OR FLASE?

there is no nutritional relationship between the fruit and the seeds within it

A

true

102
Q

Common abiotic vectors for fruit and seed dispersal are

A

wind and water

103
Q

food bodies

A

elaiosomes

104
Q

the metabolic quirks of at least one species of animal have successfully defused each chemical defense originated by seeds and fruits. This is referred to as

A

coevolution.

105
Q

In seeds of monocotyledonous plants, food is usually stored in _____. In grasses, such as corn, the single cotyledon-like structure _____ is a specialized organ that absorbs the nutrients from the endosperm.

A

endosperm; (scutellum)

106
Q
  1. The first step in germination is the ___ of water
A

imbibition

107
Q
  1. Dormancy is usually broken by providing the seed with ____
A

moisture, oxygen, and a favorable temperature

108
Q

The ovary wall fleshy and containing one or more carpels and seeds:

A

Berry

109
Q

a. Ovary wall with a hard rind:

b. Ovary wall with a leathery rind:

A

Pepo ; Hesperidium

110
Q

Exocarp thin; mesocarp fleshy; endocarp stony; single seed and carpel:

A

Drupe

111
Q

Outer portion of pericarp fleshy, inner portion papery, floral tube fleshy; several seeds and carpels:

A

Pome

112
Q

a. Composed of one carpel
i. Splitting along two margins:
ii. Splitting along one margin:

A

Legume or Pod.

Follicle.

113
Q

b. Composed of two or more carpels
i. Dehiscing in one of four different ways:
ii. Separating at maturity, leaving a persistent partition wall:

A

Capsule (poppy)

Silique (mustard)

114
Q

Indehiscent fruit , Pericarp bearing a winglike growth:

A

Samara

115
Q

Two or more carpels, united when immature, splitting apart at maturity:

A

Schizocarp

116
Q

one-seeded, united to the pericarp all around:

A

Caryopsis or Grain

117
Q

Fruit large, with thick, stony wall:

A

Nut

118
Q

Fruit small, with thin wall:

A

Achene. (sunflower)

119
Q

Fruits developing from one flower:

A

Aggregate fruit

120
Q

Fruits formed from several flowers:

A

Multiple fruit

Botany (2 decks)

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