Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Botany > Laboratory > Flashcards

Laboratory Flashcards

1
Q

: points of attachment for leaves, aerial roots, and flowers

A

• node

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

: a section of stem between two stem nodes

A

• internode

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

•: stalk that extends from the stem to the base of the leaf

A

petiole

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

•: embryonic shoot that lies at the junction of the stem and petiole that gives rise to a branch or flower; occurs at the leaf node

A

axillary bud

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

occur at the end/apex (tip) of the stem; contains apical meristem (tissue of
actively dividing cells)

A

• terminal bud/apical bud

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

: protects the Figure 4.1. Parts of a stem buds/meristems

A

• bud scale

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

: mark left by the bud scale after it falls off

A

• bud scale scar

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

•: mark left by the leaf after it falls off the twi

A

leaf scar

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

: mark left by the vascular bundle when the leaf and stem broke off

A

• bundle scar

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

are the most common plant cells. They are found in the stem, the root, the inside of the leaf, and the pulp of the fruit; responsible for metabolic functions, such as photosynthesis. They also help repair and heal wounds.

A

Parenchyma cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

are elongated cells with unevenly-thickened walls. They provide structural support, mainly to the stem and leaves. These cells are alive at maturity and are usually found below the epidermis.

A

Collenchyma cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

also provide support to the plant, but unlike collenchyma cells, many of them are dead at maturity.

A

Sclerenchyma cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

The ___ of the stem consists primarily of epidermis: a single layer of cells covering and protecting the underlying tissue

A

dermal tissue

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Woody plants have a tough, waterproof outer layer of cork cells commonly known as

A

bark

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Xylem tissue has three types of cells, namely____

A

xylem parenchyma, tracheids, and vessel elements

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

are xylem cells with thick secondary cell walls that are lignified.

A

• Tracheids

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

are xylem cells with thinner walls; they are shorter than tracheids

A

• Vessel elements

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

is composed of sieve-tube cells, companion cells, parenchyma, and fibers.

A

Phloem tissue

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

are arranged end-to-end to create a long sieve tube, which transports organic substances such as sugars and amino acids.

A

sieve-tube cells (also called sieve-tube elements)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

are found alongside the sieve-tube cells, providing them with metabolic support; contain more ribosomes and mitochondria

A

• Companion cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

is mostly made up of parenchyma cells, but may also contain collenchyma and sclerenchyma cells that help support the stem.

A

Ground tissue

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

are cylindrical, secondary meristems in both stem and root that give rise to either vascular tissue or secondary dermal tissues

A

LATERAL MERSTEMS

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q
  • located between xylem and phloem
A

• vascular cambium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q
  • located between phloem and bark
A

• cork cambium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

: growth that occurs during a finite juvenile phase, and then stops.

A

• determinate growth

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

: growth that occurs throughout the life of the organism.

A

• indeterminate growth

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

lives for about a year, flowers and dies

A

• annual plant:

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

lives for more than one year

A

• perennial plant:

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

: dead center of the woody stem in which conducting elements of xylem are clogged with tannins and resin, and no longer function to conduct fluids

A

• heartwood

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

: external ring of xylem still conducting fluids

A

• sapwood

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

: large-lumen xylem formed in spring

A

• springwood

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

: small-lumen xylem formed in summer/late autumn, just before dormancy

A

• summerwood

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

gas exchange pores; These are “spongy” regions found on the bark of stems (and sometimes aerial roots) of woody vascular plants

A

lenticels

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

: a shoot that grows along the ground and produces roots at its nodes; a runner

A

• stolon

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

: a fleshy, thickened, underground stem of a plant, usually containing stored starch, as for example a potato or arrowroot

A

• tuber

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

: green branches of limited growth which have taken up the functions of photosynthesis

A

• cladode

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

: a horizontal underground stem of some plants that sends out roots and shoots from its nodes

A

• rhizome

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

: a short, vertical, swollen underground stem of a plant that serves as a storage organ to enable the plant to survive winter or other adverse conditions such as drought

A

• corm

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

: the bulb-shaped root portion of a plant such as a tulip, from which the rest of the plant may be regrown

A

• bulb

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

: a thin, spirally-coiling stem that attaches a plant to its support

A

• tendril

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

: a sharp, protective spine of a plant

A

• thorn

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

•: a bulb-shaped bud in the place of a flower or in a leaf axil

A

bulbil

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

A flat, green and extensive lateral adjunct developed form the node of the stem or its branches is called

A

leaf.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

– the tip of the leaf where the hydathode is can be found, the hydathode is
where the excess water comes out during guttation

A

Leaf apex

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

– this refers to the edge of the leaf

A

Leaf margin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

– composed of the vascular tissue of the leaf for the transport of nutrients, water and food around the leaf

A

Leaf veins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
47
Q

– the central, and usually the most prominent, vein of a leaf

A

Midrib

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
48
Q

– part of leaf which is attached to the petiole

A

Leaf base

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
49
Q

–part of the leaf which connects the leaf to the stem; it is a stalk like structure and arranges the lamina to get proper sun light.

A

Petiole

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
50
Q
  • Petiole is present in a leaf –

* Petiole is absent in a leaf –

A

Petiolate leaf

Sessile leaf

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
51
Q

– Main part of the leaf which is broad, green and flat. It contains the __ ,__ ,__ ,__ ,__

A

Leaf lamina/leaf blade; apex, margin, veins, midrib, & base

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
52
Q
  • the precursor of a branch or lateral shoot, is formed at the junction between a leaf and the stem
A

Axillary bud

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
53
Q
  • a small leaflike appendage to a leaf, typically borne in pairs at the base of the petiole
A

Stipule

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
54
Q

Leaf containing single lamina and auxiliary bud at its axis is called

A

simple leaf.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
55
Q

Lamina is divided into independent leaflets and notch is completed and reaches to the tip of the petiole; It does not contain auxiliary bud.

A

compound leaf

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
56
Q

: leaflets are arranged on both lateral sides of the main vein

A

Pinnate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
57
Q

– Leaflet is present on the main midrib

A

Unipinnate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
58
Q

– Leaflets are present on the secondary branches

A

Bipinnate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
59
Q

– Many leaflets are presents on the higher order branches

A

Multipinnate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
60
Q

: leaflets are arranged on the tip of the petiole.

A

Palmate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
61
Q

– Single leaflet at the tip of the petiole e.g. lemon
– Two leaflets on the tip of the petiole e.g. Balanites
– Many leaves let on the tip of the petiole e. g. Bombax

A

➢ Unifoliate
➢ Bifoliate
➢ Multifoliate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
62
Q
  • a single blade, not divided into sections
A

• simple leaf

63
Q

• - the margin of the leaf is indented, but not all the way to the midrib.

A

lobed leaf

64
Q
  • leaf blade is divided into leaflets, all the way down to the midrib (which is called the rachis in a compound leaf)
A

• compound leaf

65
Q
  • feather-shaped leaf composed of leaflets
A

pinnately compound

66
Q

palm-shaped leaf composed of leaflets

A

palmately compound

67
Q

– the arrangement of veins the leaves

A

Leaf Venation

68
Q

The arrangement of leaves on stem or its branches are called

A

phyllotaxy.

69
Q
  • a noncellular, waxy sheet of cutin secreted by the epidermis
A

• cuticle

70
Q
  • this one-cell thick layer of “skin” tissue lacks chloroplasts.
A

• epidermis

71
Q

• - layer of photosynthetic parenchyma (chlorenchyma) of a tall, columnar shape.

A

palisade mesophyll

72
Q
  • second layer of photosynthetic parenchyma (chlorenchyma), this one with copious air spaces to facilitate transpiration
A

• spongy mesophyll

73
Q

In vein system xylem is located on __; phloem on__

A

top; bottom

74
Q
  • contains most of the stomates
A

• lower epidermis

75
Q

Metabolically active and often composed of diverse cell types, this is the plant’s first line of defense against environmental insult

A

Epidermis

76
Q
  • epidermal protuberances located on aerial parts of plant, that protect plant from excess transpiration, high temperature, radiation, ultraviolet (UV) light, and herbivore attack
A

✓ trichomes

77
Q
  • specialized plant cells in the epidermis of leaves, stems and other organs that are used to control gas exchange
A

✓ guard cells

78
Q

Gas exchange pores called ___are located primarily on the ___ of leaves in most plant species

A

stomates; underside

79
Q
  • plant evolved to thrive in very wet conditions
A

hydrophyte

80
Q
  • plant evolved to thrive in very dry conditions
A

o xerophyte/xeriphyte

81
Q
  • plant evolved to thrive in moderate conditions (with respect to water)
A

mesophyte

82
Q

is the leaf’s ground tissue, composed primarily of parenchyma containing a great density of chloroplasts

A

Mesophyll

83
Q
  • vertical, columnar cells closest to the upper epidermis. These have more chloroplasts than the rest of the mesophyll, and most photosynthesis seems to take place
A

✓ Palisade Parenchyma

84
Q
  • these are typical, box-shaped cells, with much more air/fluid space between them than the pallisade cells. Fewer chloroplasts, but photosynthesis still takes place here.
A

✓ Spongy Parenchyma

85
Q

–leaf modification for water storage and reproduction

A

Succulent/Adventitious bud/Reproductive leaves

86
Q

– leaf modification for attracting pollinators

A

Bracts/Colored leaf

87
Q

– leaf modification for protection/water conservation

A

Spine

88
Q

– leaf modification for nutrient accumulation/protection

A

Insect trap

89
Q

– leaf modification for water loss protection

A

Scale

90
Q
  • a reduced leaf usually modified for protection, such as bud scales or rhizome scales; its function is to protect the bud
A

Cataphyll

91
Q

–leaf modification for support

A

Tendril

92
Q

Give the 4 functions of leaf

A
  1. Photosynthesis.
  2. Transpiration
  3. Floral Induction.
  4. Food Storage
93
Q

is basically a stem with leaf-like structures

A

flower

94
Q

flower stalk is a _____, and the very end of the axis, where the other flower parts are attached, is the ___

A

pedicel; receptacle

95
Q

Plants that have a stalk are known as ___ whereas those that do not have a stalk are known as ___

A

pedicellate flowers; sessile flowers

96
Q

There are four types of floral appendages namely___

A

sepals, petals, stamens and carpels/pistils

97
Q

are the lowermost and outermost of the four floral appendages. They are typically the thickest, toughest and waxiest of the flower parts

A

Sepals

98
Q

Collective term for sepals? petals?

A

calyx; corolla

99
Q

Their main function is to protect the flower while it is still in the bud stage.

A

sepals/calyx

100
Q

are located above the sepals on the receptacle; they are the colorful parts of the flower to which the pollinators are attracted to

A

Petals

101
Q

Sepals and petals together constitute the flower’s _____

A

perianth

102
Q

Flowers that have multiple lines of symmetry + radially symmetrical=
Flowers with only a single line of symmetry + bilaterally symmetrical=

A

actinomorphic (regular);

zygomorphic (irregular).

103
Q

The _____ is a term given to the male reproductive system in a flowering plant

A

androecium

104
Q

are found above the petals, known collectively as androecium

A

Stamens

105
Q

the pollen producing part of the plant

A

anther

106
Q

It is a long slender tube-like structure that holds the anther at the top of it.

A

• Filament

107
Q

The _____ is a term given to a

collection of pistils or carpals

A

gynoecium

108
Q

It is the sticky end of the style which is responsible for catching pollen when they are pollinated.

A

• Stigma

109
Q

It is a thin tube-like structure that holds the stigma and is attached to the ovary at its base

A

• Style

110
Q

An ____ is where megaspores are produced. Inside it are placentae, regions of the tissue that bear small structures called ____

A

ovary ;ovules.

111
Q

• Complete flowers are made up of ____

A

calyx, corolla, stamens, and a pistil or pistils

112
Q

lack one or more of the four regular parts of a complete flower.

A

Incomplete flowers

113
Q

______have both stamens and pistils, but not necessarily sepals or petals.
_____lack either stamens or pistils, and may or may not have sepals or petals

A
  • Perfect flowers

* Imperfect flowers

114
Q

_____have a stamen or stamens, but no functional pistils.

_____have a pistil or pistils, but no functional stamens.

A

Staminate (male) flowers

Pistillate (female) flowers

115
Q

these plants bear both staminate and pistillate flowers on the same plant

A

• Monoecious plants

116
Q

these plants bear staminate flowers on one plant and pistillate flowers on a different plant

A

• Dioecious plants

117
Q

– the ovary is positioned/attached above the petals, sepals, and stamens; and
– the ovary is found below the attachment of the petals, sepals, and stamens

A
  • Superior ovary

* Inferior ovary

118
Q

: Below the gynoecium
: Around the gynoecium
: Above the gynoecium

A
  • Hypogynous
  • Perigynous
  • Epigynous
119
Q

The _____ is a ripened ovary which function to protect and disperse seeds; it is the product of entire pistil

A

fruit

120
Q

True of false

The development of an ovary into a fruit and ovule into a seed take place AFTER fertilization.

A

True

121
Q

The ____ is the wall of the ovary that develops as the wall of the fruits

A

pericarp

122
Q

: Outermost layer, forms the peel.
: Middle layer, fleshy, edible portion of the fruits
: Innermost layer, inner rough portion where the seed is accommodated

A
  • Epicarp
  • Mesocarp
  • Endocarp
123
Q

is a fruit resulting from the development of separate flowers in a compact inflorescence.

A

Multiple fruit

124
Q

arises from the development of separate ovaries in one flower

A

Aggregate fruit

125
Q

arises from a single ovary; they are classified into various kinds according to their consistency, structure and dehiscence.

A

Simple fruit

126
Q
  • the ovary wall is fleshy, has one or more carpels and may seeds
A

Berry

127
Q
  • berry with hard rind;

- berry with leathery rind

A

a) Pepo

b) Hesperidium

128
Q

– derived from a single carpels, endocarp hard and one-seeded

A

Drupe or stone fruit

129
Q

– derived from several carpels, receptacle fleshy, outer portion of pericarp fleshy, inner portion papery

A

Pome

130
Q

fruits which split open when ripe

A

Dehiscent fruits

131
Q

– carpels four; two outer ones, sterile and two inner ones, fertile

A

Silique

132
Q

– carpels two or more, dehiscing in one or four different ways

A

Capsule

133
Q

– opens along one suture (ventral)

A

Follicle

134
Q

– carpel one, splitting along two sutures

A

Legume or true pod

135
Q

– one-seeded, seed attached to the seed coat at one point only; e.g., cosmos, sunflower

A

Achene

136
Q

– one-seeded, pericarp formly united all around the testa

A

Caryopsis

137
Q

– one or two-seeded, pericarp bearing a wing-like outgrowth

A

Samara

138
Q

– a hard, one seeded fruit, generally produced from an inferior compound ovary and with an involucre

A

Nut

139
Q

– carpels two or more, united splitting apart at maturity

A

Schizocarp

140
Q

is a ripened or a matured ovule. It is the plant reproductive entity consisting of an embryo and stored food enclosed in a seed coat.

A

Seed

141
Q

is a nutritive material in the seeds.

A

Endosperm

142
Q
  • the part of a seed embryo that develops into the shoot bearing the first true leaves of a plant
A

• Plumule

143
Q

– covering of the seed; develops from the integument of an ovule

A

• Seed coat/testa

144
Q

– cylindrical organs that encloses the first leaf (or plumule) and shoot apex in monocotyledon seedlings

A

• Coleoptile

145
Q
  • storage tissue other than cotyledons in many seeds, formed by fertilization of central cell
A

• Endosperm

146
Q
  • storage part of the plant embryo
A

• Cotyledon or seed leaf

147
Q
  • form at the lower end of the embryo that will late develop into a primary root
A

• Radicle

148
Q
  • a region of shoot above the point of attachment of the cotyledon; bears the first foliage leaf
A

• Epicotyl

149
Q
  • a part of the embryo found below the point of attachment of the cotyledon
A

• Hypocotyl

150
Q

– a large, ova scar where the seeds broke from funiculus or when the beans are harvested

A

Hilum

151
Q

– a small opening in the seed coat at one side of the hilum

A

Micropyle

152
Q

– a ridge at the side of the hilum opposite the micropyle

A

Raphe

153
Q

Give the five types of seed dispersal

A 
Seed dispersal by:
wind
water
animal and birds
gravity
explosions

Botany (2 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions