Laboratory Flashcards
: points of attachment for leaves, aerial roots, and flowers
• node
: a section of stem between two stem nodes
• internode
•: stalk that extends from the stem to the base of the leaf
petiole
•: embryonic shoot that lies at the junction of the stem and petiole that gives rise to a branch or flower; occurs at the leaf node
axillary bud
occur at the end/apex (tip) of the stem; contains apical meristem (tissue of
actively dividing cells)
• terminal bud/apical bud
: protects the Figure 4.1. Parts of a stem buds/meristems
• bud scale
: mark left by the bud scale after it falls off
• bud scale scar
•: mark left by the leaf after it falls off the twi
leaf scar
: mark left by the vascular bundle when the leaf and stem broke off
• bundle scar
are the most common plant cells. They are found in the stem, the root, the inside of the leaf, and the pulp of the fruit; responsible for metabolic functions, such as photosynthesis. They also help repair and heal wounds.
Parenchyma cells
are elongated cells with unevenly-thickened walls. They provide structural support, mainly to the stem and leaves. These cells are alive at maturity and are usually found below the epidermis.
Collenchyma cells
also provide support to the plant, but unlike collenchyma cells, many of them are dead at maturity.
Sclerenchyma cells
The ___ of the stem consists primarily of epidermis: a single layer of cells covering and protecting the underlying tissue
dermal tissue
Woody plants have a tough, waterproof outer layer of cork cells commonly known as
bark
Xylem tissue has three types of cells, namely____
xylem parenchyma, tracheids, and vessel elements
are xylem cells with thick secondary cell walls that are lignified.
• Tracheids
are xylem cells with thinner walls; they are shorter than tracheids
• Vessel elements
is composed of sieve-tube cells, companion cells, parenchyma, and fibers.
Phloem tissue
are arranged end-to-end to create a long sieve tube, which transports organic substances such as sugars and amino acids.
sieve-tube cells (also called sieve-tube elements)
are found alongside the sieve-tube cells, providing them with metabolic support; contain more ribosomes and mitochondria
• Companion cells
is mostly made up of parenchyma cells, but may also contain collenchyma and sclerenchyma cells that help support the stem.
Ground tissue
are cylindrical, secondary meristems in both stem and root that give rise to either vascular tissue or secondary dermal tissues
LATERAL MERSTEMS
- located between xylem and phloem
• vascular cambium
- located between phloem and bark
• cork cambium
: growth that occurs during a finite juvenile phase, and then stops.
• determinate growth
: growth that occurs throughout the life of the organism.
• indeterminate growth
lives for about a year, flowers and dies
• annual plant:
lives for more than one year
• perennial plant:
: dead center of the woody stem in which conducting elements of xylem are clogged with tannins and resin, and no longer function to conduct fluids
• heartwood
: external ring of xylem still conducting fluids
• sapwood
: large-lumen xylem formed in spring
• springwood
: small-lumen xylem formed in summer/late autumn, just before dormancy
• summerwood
gas exchange pores; These are “spongy” regions found on the bark of stems (and sometimes aerial roots) of woody vascular plants
lenticels
: a shoot that grows along the ground and produces roots at its nodes; a runner
• stolon
: a fleshy, thickened, underground stem of a plant, usually containing stored starch, as for example a potato or arrowroot
• tuber
: green branches of limited growth which have taken up the functions of photosynthesis
• cladode
: a horizontal underground stem of some plants that sends out roots and shoots from its nodes
• rhizome
: a short, vertical, swollen underground stem of a plant that serves as a storage organ to enable the plant to survive winter or other adverse conditions such as drought
• corm
: the bulb-shaped root portion of a plant such as a tulip, from which the rest of the plant may be regrown
• bulb
: a thin, spirally-coiling stem that attaches a plant to its support
• tendril
: a sharp, protective spine of a plant
• thorn
•: a bulb-shaped bud in the place of a flower or in a leaf axil
bulbil
A flat, green and extensive lateral adjunct developed form the node of the stem or its branches is called
leaf.
– the tip of the leaf where the hydathode is can be found, the hydathode is
where the excess water comes out during guttation
Leaf apex
– this refers to the edge of the leaf
Leaf margin
– composed of the vascular tissue of the leaf for the transport of nutrients, water and food around the leaf
Leaf veins
– the central, and usually the most prominent, vein of a leaf
Midrib
– part of leaf which is attached to the petiole
Leaf base
–part of the leaf which connects the leaf to the stem; it is a stalk like structure and arranges the lamina to get proper sun light.
Petiole
- Petiole is present in a leaf –
* Petiole is absent in a leaf –
Petiolate leaf
Sessile leaf
– Main part of the leaf which is broad, green and flat. It contains the __ ,__ ,__ ,__ ,__
Leaf lamina/leaf blade; apex, margin, veins, midrib, & base
- the precursor of a branch or lateral shoot, is formed at the junction between a leaf and the stem
Axillary bud
- a small leaflike appendage to a leaf, typically borne in pairs at the base of the petiole
Stipule
Leaf containing single lamina and auxiliary bud at its axis is called
simple leaf.
Lamina is divided into independent leaflets and notch is completed and reaches to the tip of the petiole; It does not contain auxiliary bud.
compound leaf
: leaflets are arranged on both lateral sides of the main vein
Pinnate
– Leaflet is present on the main midrib
Unipinnate
– Leaflets are present on the secondary branches
Bipinnate
– Many leaflets are presents on the higher order branches
Multipinnate
: leaflets are arranged on the tip of the petiole.
Palmate
– Single leaflet at the tip of the petiole e.g. lemon
– Two leaflets on the tip of the petiole e.g. Balanites
– Many leaves let on the tip of the petiole e. g. Bombax
➢ Unifoliate
➢ Bifoliate
➢ Multifoliate
- a single blade, not divided into sections
• simple leaf
• - the margin of the leaf is indented, but not all the way to the midrib.
lobed leaf
- leaf blade is divided into leaflets, all the way down to the midrib (which is called the rachis in a compound leaf)
• compound leaf
- feather-shaped leaf composed of leaflets
pinnately compound
palm-shaped leaf composed of leaflets
palmately compound
– the arrangement of veins the leaves
Leaf Venation
The arrangement of leaves on stem or its branches are called
phyllotaxy.
- a noncellular, waxy sheet of cutin secreted by the epidermis
• cuticle
- this one-cell thick layer of “skin” tissue lacks chloroplasts.
• epidermis
• - layer of photosynthetic parenchyma (chlorenchyma) of a tall, columnar shape.
palisade mesophyll
- second layer of photosynthetic parenchyma (chlorenchyma), this one with copious air spaces to facilitate transpiration
• spongy mesophyll
In vein system xylem is located on __; phloem on__
top; bottom
- contains most of the stomates
• lower epidermis
Metabolically active and often composed of diverse cell types, this is the plant’s first line of defense against environmental insult
Epidermis
- epidermal protuberances located on aerial parts of plant, that protect plant from excess transpiration, high temperature, radiation, ultraviolet (UV) light, and herbivore attack
✓ trichomes
- specialized plant cells in the epidermis of leaves, stems and other organs that are used to control gas exchange
✓ guard cells
Gas exchange pores called ___are located primarily on the ___ of leaves in most plant species
stomates; underside
- plant evolved to thrive in very wet conditions
hydrophyte
- plant evolved to thrive in very dry conditions
o xerophyte/xeriphyte
- plant evolved to thrive in moderate conditions (with respect to water)
mesophyte
is the leaf’s ground tissue, composed primarily of parenchyma containing a great density of chloroplasts
Mesophyll
- vertical, columnar cells closest to the upper epidermis. These have more chloroplasts than the rest of the mesophyll, and most photosynthesis seems to take place
✓ Palisade Parenchyma
- these are typical, box-shaped cells, with much more air/fluid space between them than the pallisade cells. Fewer chloroplasts, but photosynthesis still takes place here.
✓ Spongy Parenchyma
–leaf modification for water storage and reproduction
Succulent/Adventitious bud/Reproductive leaves
– leaf modification for attracting pollinators
Bracts/Colored leaf
– leaf modification for protection/water conservation
Spine
– leaf modification for nutrient accumulation/protection
Insect trap
– leaf modification for water loss protection
Scale
- a reduced leaf usually modified for protection, such as bud scales or rhizome scales; its function is to protect the bud
Cataphyll
–leaf modification for support
Tendril
Give the 4 functions of leaf
- Photosynthesis.
- Transpiration
- Floral Induction.
- Food Storage
is basically a stem with leaf-like structures
flower
flower stalk is a _____, and the very end of the axis, where the other flower parts are attached, is the ___
pedicel; receptacle
Plants that have a stalk are known as ___ whereas those that do not have a stalk are known as ___
pedicellate flowers; sessile flowers
There are four types of floral appendages namely___
sepals, petals, stamens and carpels/pistils
are the lowermost and outermost of the four floral appendages. They are typically the thickest, toughest and waxiest of the flower parts
Sepals
Collective term for sepals? petals?
calyx; corolla
Their main function is to protect the flower while it is still in the bud stage.
sepals/calyx
are located above the sepals on the receptacle; they are the colorful parts of the flower to which the pollinators are attracted to
Petals
Sepals and petals together constitute the flower’s _____
perianth
Flowers that have multiple lines of symmetry + radially symmetrical=
Flowers with only a single line of symmetry + bilaterally symmetrical=
actinomorphic (regular);
zygomorphic (irregular).
The _____ is a term given to the male reproductive system in a flowering plant
androecium
are found above the petals, known collectively as androecium
Stamens
the pollen producing part of the plant
anther
It is a long slender tube-like structure that holds the anther at the top of it.
• Filament
The _____ is a term given to a
collection of pistils or carpals
gynoecium
It is the sticky end of the style which is responsible for catching pollen when they are pollinated.
• Stigma
It is a thin tube-like structure that holds the stigma and is attached to the ovary at its base
• Style
An ____ is where megaspores are produced. Inside it are placentae, regions of the tissue that bear small structures called ____
ovary ;ovules.
• Complete flowers are made up of ____
calyx, corolla, stamens, and a pistil or pistils
lack one or more of the four regular parts of a complete flower.
Incomplete flowers
______have both stamens and pistils, but not necessarily sepals or petals.
_____lack either stamens or pistils, and may or may not have sepals or petals
- Perfect flowers
* Imperfect flowers
_____have a stamen or stamens, but no functional pistils.
_____have a pistil or pistils, but no functional stamens.
Staminate (male) flowers
Pistillate (female) flowers
these plants bear both staminate and pistillate flowers on the same plant
• Monoecious plants
these plants bear staminate flowers on one plant and pistillate flowers on a different plant
• Dioecious plants
– the ovary is positioned/attached above the petals, sepals, and stamens; and
– the ovary is found below the attachment of the petals, sepals, and stamens
- Superior ovary
* Inferior ovary
: Below the gynoecium
: Around the gynoecium
: Above the gynoecium
- Hypogynous
- Perigynous
- Epigynous
The _____ is a ripened ovary which function to protect and disperse seeds; it is the product of entire pistil
fruit
True of false
The development of an ovary into a fruit and ovule into a seed take place AFTER fertilization.
True
The ____ is the wall of the ovary that develops as the wall of the fruits
pericarp
: Outermost layer, forms the peel.
: Middle layer, fleshy, edible portion of the fruits
: Innermost layer, inner rough portion where the seed is accommodated
- Epicarp
- Mesocarp
- Endocarp
is a fruit resulting from the development of separate flowers in a compact inflorescence.
Multiple fruit
arises from the development of separate ovaries in one flower
Aggregate fruit
arises from a single ovary; they are classified into various kinds according to their consistency, structure and dehiscence.
Simple fruit
- the ovary wall is fleshy, has one or more carpels and may seeds
Berry
- berry with hard rind;
- berry with leathery rind
a) Pepo
b) Hesperidium
– derived from a single carpels, endocarp hard and one-seeded
Drupe or stone fruit
– derived from several carpels, receptacle fleshy, outer portion of pericarp fleshy, inner portion papery
Pome
fruits which split open when ripe
Dehiscent fruits
– carpels four; two outer ones, sterile and two inner ones, fertile
Silique
– carpels two or more, dehiscing in one or four different ways
Capsule
– opens along one suture (ventral)
Follicle
– carpel one, splitting along two sutures
Legume or true pod
– one-seeded, seed attached to the seed coat at one point only; e.g., cosmos, sunflower
Achene
– one-seeded, pericarp formly united all around the testa
Caryopsis
– one or two-seeded, pericarp bearing a wing-like outgrowth
Samara
– a hard, one seeded fruit, generally produced from an inferior compound ovary and with an involucre
Nut
– carpels two or more, united splitting apart at maturity
Schizocarp
is a ripened or a matured ovule. It is the plant reproductive entity consisting of an embryo and stored food enclosed in a seed coat.
Seed
is a nutritive material in the seeds.
Endosperm
- the part of a seed embryo that develops into the shoot bearing the first true leaves of a plant
• Plumule
– covering of the seed; develops from the integument of an ovule
• Seed coat/testa
– cylindrical organs that encloses the first leaf (or plumule) and shoot apex in monocotyledon seedlings
• Coleoptile
- storage tissue other than cotyledons in many seeds, formed by fertilization of central cell
• Endosperm
- storage part of the plant embryo
• Cotyledon or seed leaf
- form at the lower end of the embryo that will late develop into a primary root
• Radicle
- a region of shoot above the point of attachment of the cotyledon; bears the first foliage leaf
• Epicotyl
- a part of the embryo found below the point of attachment of the cotyledon
• Hypocotyl
– a large, ova scar where the seeds broke from funiculus or when the beans are harvested
Hilum
– a small opening in the seed coat at one side of the hilum
Micropyle
– a ridge at the side of the hilum opposite the micropyle
Raphe
Give the five types of seed dispersal
Seed dispersal by: wind water animal and birds gravity explosions
