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Personality Psychology Final Exam > Lecture 11: Personality Disorders > Flashcards

Lecture 11: Personality Disorders Flashcards

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1
Q

What does the presence of personality disorders predict?

A

The presence of personality disorders predicts poor adjustment in life and negative outcomes

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2
Q

What can symptoms of personality disorders be viewed as?

A

as maladaptive variations within the domains of: traits, emotions, cognitions, motives, and self-concept

  • Personality disorders as maladaptive variations or combinations of normal personality traits and common motives, especially power and intimacy
  • Cognitive processes can become distorted in personality disorders
  • Several personal disorders include extreme variations in experienced emotion
  • Most personality disorders include distortion of self-concept
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3
Q

How does biology form building blocks of personality disorders?

A
  • Genetic epidemiologic studies indicate that all ten personality disorder (PD’s) are modestly to moderately heritable
  • Molecular genetic studies indicate that genes are linked to Neurotransmitter pathways especially in the serotonergic and dopaminergic systems, are involved
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4
Q

What is psychological disorder?

A
  • Pattern of behaviour or experience that is distressing and painful to the person
  • Leads to disability or impairment in important life domains
  • Associated with the increased risk for further suffering, loss of function, death, or confinement
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5
Q

Whatis abnormal psychology?

A

Study of mental disorders, including thought disorders, emotional disorders, and personality disorders

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6
Q

What is the statistical and social definition of abnormal?

A
  • Statistical definition: Whatever is rare, not frequent, and not statistically normal
  • Social definition: Whatever society does not tolerate or defines as unacceptable
  • Statistical and social definitions are tied to changing social or cultural norms
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7
Q

What is the psychological definition of abnormal?

A
  • So, Psychologists started to look within persons, inquiring about subject feelings and thoughts
  • Psychological definition: disorganized thoughts, disruptive perceptions, or unusual beliefs that do not match circumstances; ineffective coping efforts
  • Combining statistical, social, and psychological definitions of abnormality to develop field of psychopathology
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8
Q

What is psychopathology?

A
  • Study of mental disorders
  • Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 5th ed. (DSM-V): Widely accepted system for diagnosing and describing mental. Movement towards dimensional view of personality.
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9
Q

What are the diagnostic views of personality disorders?

A
  • Present view, the categorical view: you have it or you don’t (dichotomy)
  • Dimensional view: personality occurs on a spectrum (intensity matters
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10
Q

What is the dimensional model?

A
  • Distinctions between normal personality traits and disorders are in terms of: Extremity, Rigidity, Maladaptiveness
  • Parallel with chemistry: a little of this trait, some of that trait, and amplifying to extremely high (or low) levels, resulting in specific disorder
  • Dominant model currently is categorical model DSM-V
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11
Q

What is a personality disorder according to the DSM-5?

A
  • Enduring pattern of experience and behavior that differs greatly from expectations of a person’s culture
  • Disorder is usually manifested in more than one of following areas: Thoughts, feelings, how a person gets along with others, and the ability to control own behavior (e.g., impulse control)
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12
Q

What poses challenges for effective treatment?

A

Personality disorders can be ego-syntonic:

  • Thoughts, feelings, beliefs and/or behaviors that one accepts as part of self and is not considered problematic.
  • Symptoms feel ‘normal’ and may be perceived as values aspects of self
  • More likely to view others as the problem
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13
Q

What are the bases for diagnosis?

A
  • Clinical Impressions
  • Self-Report Scales: Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI), Millon Clinical Multiaxial Inventory-II (MCMI-II), Personality Diagnostic Questionnaire- Revised (PDQ-R), Personality Assessment Inventory (PAI)
  • Structured Interviews
  • Informant Reports
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14
Q

What are the 3 personality disorder clusters?

A
  • Cluster A: eccentric cluster (disturbance in perceptions)
  • Cluster B: erratic cluster (volatile emotions and relations)
  • Cluster C: anxious cluster (avoidance, OCPD)
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15
Q

What is the DSM-5 definition of Narcissism?

A

A pervasive pattern of grandiosity (in fantasy or behavior), need for admiration, and lack of empathy, beginning by early adulthood and present in a variety of contexts

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16
Q

What is the prevalence of narcissistic personality disorder?

A

Range from 0% to 6.2% in community samples

17
Q

What is the development and course of narcissistic personality disorder?

A
  • Traits common in adolescents

- Difficulties adjusting to physical and occupational limitations of the aging process

18
Q

What are the gender differences in narcissistic personality disorder?

A

Of those diagnosed with NPD -> 50%-75% male

19
Q

what are the associated features of NPD?

A
  • Sensitive to “injury” from criticism or defeat
  • Impaired interpersonal relations
  • Social withdrawal, depressed mood, persistent depressive disorder or major depressive disorder
  • Also associated with anorexia nervosa and substance use disorders
  • Histrionic, borderline, antisocial, and paranoid personality disorders may be associated with NPD
20
Q

What are the reasons for seeking treatment for NPD?

A
  • Family, employers, or courts
  • Inability to reach goals
  • Personal losses or failures
  • Major mental disorder
  • Suicidality
21
Q

What is psychotherapy (as a treatment for NPD)

A
  • The main source of treatment and most effective treatment for NPD
  • Focus on an individual’s interaction with the therapist in session
  • Changing grandiose and excessively vulnerable thinking
  • Regulating emotions
  • Learning prosocial behaviors to facilitate interactions
22
Q

What is pharmacotherapy?

A
  • primarily for comorbid disorders

- Alleviate symptoms of depression or anxiety that frequently accompany NPD

23
Q

What are the challenges for treatment of NPD?

A
  • Building a therapeutic alliance is a gradual process
  • Tendency to drop out of treatment prematurely
  • Fear avoidance, fear of failure, intense emotions, and loss of control
24
Q

Which successful individuals display personality traits that might be considered narcissistic?

A
  • Simon Cowell
  • Kanye west
  • Donald trump
25
Q

What is the diagnosis and prevalence of APD?

A
  • Must be < 18 years old
  • Must have had conduct disorder during childhood (before age 15)
  • Prevalence: affects 4% of population ; 3% men and 1% women
26
Q

What does treatment planning for APD involve?

A
  1. Assess severity of Psychopathy
  2. Risk Assessment
  3. Identify any other mental or substance use disorders
  4. Clinician’s Reactions to Patients
  5. Treatment Approach
27
Q

What is the risk assessment of APD?

A
  • Most troublesome symptom: Violence
  • Safety and setting
  • Aggression: Affective: emotional, reactive aggression and Predatory: instrumental aggression
28
Q

What are the personality characteristics and prognosis treatment for APD?

A
  • Anxiety and attachment (the more psychopathic, the less anxious)
  • Narcissism (Gloating/element of pride)
  • Defense mechanisms (psychological defense mechanisms like rationalization e.g., if I had the choice…)
  • Affects (low affect, indifferent)
29
Q

What are the challenges for therapists in treating APD?

A
  • All patients are untreatable (not exactly true)
  • Illusory treatment alliance
  • Fear of assault or harm
  • Helplessness and guilt
30
Q

What are the treatment techniques for APD?

A

Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy (CBT)

Social Learning Techniques

31
Q

what is the conclusion of APD?

A
  • Extremely difficult to treat
  • Often a chronic condition
  • Some medications aid in controlling behaviour
  • Limited evidence
32
Q

How do social relationships contribute to personality disorders (building blocks of personality disorders)

A
  • Social relationships, especially interpersonal and sexual behavior, frequently disturbed or involve maladaptive patterns in personality disorders
33
Q

What disorders is cluster A comprised of?

A

Cluster A: Eccentric

  • paranoid
  • Schizoid
  • Schizotypal
34
Q

What disorders is cluster B comprised of?

A

Cluster B: Erratic

  • Histrionic
  • Antisocial
  • Borderline
  • Narcisstic
35
Q

What disorders is cluster C comprised of?

A

Cluster C: Anxious

  • Avoidant
  • Dependant
  • Obsessive Compulsive (most prevalent)
36
Q

What character traits do narcissists typically possess (hint: acronym SPECIAL)

A
  • Special
  • Pre occupied
  • Entitlement
  • Conceited
  • Interpersonal exploitation
  • Arrogant
  • Lacks empathy

Personality Psychology Final Exam (6 decks)

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