Lecture 11 - Ocular Pharmacology Flashcards
Define the 2 smooth muscles in the eye
Iris smooth muscle - dilator (radial) and sphincter (constrictor) - regulate pupil size and hence amount of light reaching the retina
Ciliary muscle - changes refractive index of lens accommodation. Control the shape, if you can’t change the shape that you will not be able to see
Define miosis
Pupil gets smaller
Bright light
Define mydriasis
Pupil gets bigger
Low light
Define angel trumpet
Eight eye showed no pupillary light reflex and no accommodation
Contains scopolamine, hyoscyamine and atropine (muscarinic antagonists)
Define glaucoma
Damage the optic nerve
High pressure within the eye
Normal 12-20mmHg
Glaucoma >21mmHg
but many people have glaucoma
Who is at risk of glaucoma?
age
BP
ethnicity
family history
diabetes
What are the 2 types of glaucoma?
Open-angle glaucoma
Closed-angle glaucoma
What is open-angle glaucoma?
Increased angle between the cornea of the eyes
Obstruction of drainage through trabecular meshwork and canal of Schlemm
Build up of AH in anterior chamber
Rise in IOP
What is closed-angle glaucoma?
Iris is getting very close to the cornea
Blocks flow of aqueous humour from posterior to anterior chamber
Onset can be sudden and result in rapid irreversible damage
EMERGENCY
Define age-related macular degeneration (AMD)
Macula - oval shaped pigmented region the retina essential for sharp vision
Blood vessels are leaky and start to lose blood
What are the signs of macular degeneration?
Blurry spots in the centre of the vision
Blank or dark spots in the genre of vision
Difficulty reading
Loss of clear colour vision
Objects appear distorted
Straight lines that appear crooked or wavy
Define sclera
Most external layer of the eye (white connective tissue)
Allows light to go through the eye
Define choroid
more pigment attracts the light to the back of the eye
Define retina
Have a high amount of photoreceptors in the back of the eye (allow us to see)
