Lecture 11: Interspecific Interactions 1 Antagonism

Question 1

what is a community?

Answer 1

an assemblage of species living in close enough proximity for potential interaction

Question 2

what are the emergent properties of communities

Answer 2

species diversity, trophic structure, stability over time

Question 3

What are interspecific interactions, and what are the three main categories

Answer 3

interactions between species (antagonism, comensalism, mutualism)

Question 4

What are the antagonistic interactions

Answer 4

1) competition (-/-)
2) predation (+/-)
3) herbivory (+/-)
4) parasitism (+/-)

Question 5

When does “antagonism:
competition” occur

Answer 5

occurs when species compete
for a resource that limits survival
and reproduction.

resources must be in short supply

Question 6

exploitative vs interference competition

Answer 6

exploitative: individuals deplete resources by
consuming or using them

interference: aggressive encounters among
individuals shape resource
access

Question 7

competitive inclusion

Answer 7

occurs when there is strong competition, the local elimination of a competing species.When two species compete for the same limiting resource they cannot coexist permanently

Question 8

ecological niche - can ecologically similar species coexist?

Answer 8

the sum of an organisms use of biotic and abiotic resources; the organisms ecological role

ecologically similar species can coexist in a community if there are one of more significant differences in their niches.

Question 9

How do species coexist?

Answer 9

Spatial and Temporal resource partioning

Question 10

define spatial resource partioning

Answer 10

when two competing species use same resources by occupying different areas or habitats within the range of occurence of the resource

Question 11

define temporal resource partioning

Answer 11

two species
eliminate competition by
using the same resource at
different times

Question 12

fundamental vs realized niche

Answer 12

fundamental: the niche potentially occupied by that species

realized: the niche tht is actually occupied by that species

Question 13

symptary vs allopatry

Answer 13

in sympatry, ranges overlap and co-occur but in allopatry ranges DO NOT overlap

Question 14

Interspecific competition can lead to (3 things)

Answer 14

1) competitive exclusion of one species by another
2) coexistence of species through resouce partioning
3) coexistence of species through character displacement where ranges overlap

Question 15

predation vs scavenging

Answer 15

predation: kill live animals
scavengers: consume dead carcasses

Question 16

startle response, misdirecection, mimicry are all examples of

Answer 16

adaptations

Question 17

startle response is

Answer 17

eyespots on butterflies

Question 18

misdirection is

Answer 18

false heads

Question 19

mimicry is

Answer 19

the close resemblance of an organism (to mimic) to some different organism to benefit from the mistaken identity.

Question 20

what is aposematic coloration

Answer 20

anti-preadtor adaptations where warning signal is associated with the unprofitability of a prey to potential predators

Question 21

Batesian Mimicry

Answer 21

an unprotected species (mimic) evolves to look like a protected species

nonvenemous snake > mimics venemous snake

Question 22

Mullerian Mimicry

Answer 22

a chemically protected species evolves to look like another protected species

Question 23

can mimicry be used for predators to approach prey

Answer 23

YES

Question 24

whast happens to growth rates if you avoid predators

Answer 24

growth rates would heavily decline, less resources

Question 25

predator-prey interactions affect (3 things)

Answer 25

1) population dynamics of predator and prey
2) the characteristics of predator and prey
3) the growth rates of predator and prey bc avoidance has a cost

Question 26

Plant adaptations to avoid herbivory

Answer 26

structural and chemical adaptations
- inclue both physiological and morphological adaptations

Question 27

Parasitoids

Answer 27

• specal type of parasite
• always kill host
• adult stage is free living
• lay eggs in host

Question 28

ecto vs endoparasite

Answer 28

ecto: external- surface of host
endo: internation- live inside of host