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Biol 207 > Lecture 11 > Flashcards

Lecture 11 Flashcards

1
Q

What are other names for sex chromosomes?

A

Heterosomes
Allosomes
Gonosomes

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2
Q

What is the nomenclature for female chromosomes?

A

44A + XX

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3
Q

What is the nomenclature for males chromosomes?

A

44A+XY

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4
Q

What is the sex of plants?

A

Many have both male and female reproductive organs in a single flower, while others have sexual dimorphism

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5
Q

What is a Hermaphrodite is plants?

A

Plants that have both male (stamen) and female (carpel) reproductive organs

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6
Q

How do Animal hermaphrodites reproduce?

A

Some can self fertilize while others require 2 partners

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7
Q

What is the sex of Animal Hermphrodites?

A

Some are male or females at different times on their life cycle

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8
Q

What is sex determined by in Animals?

A

Sex determination is associated with and caused by a pair of sex chromosomes that genetically determine sex

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9
Q

What do some species use to determine sex that is not based on sex chromosomes?

A

Environmental factors

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10
Q

What is a Monoecious plant?

A

A plant with male and female flowers that are separate from each other

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11
Q

What are Perfect flowers?

A

Those with male and female parts in the same flower

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12
Q

What is a Dioecious plant?

A

Plants that have literal separate males and females

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13
Q

What is Sequential Hermaphroditism?

A

In anemone fish when a dominant female dies, the dominant male becomes the female and the next male in line becomes dominant

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14
Q

What is Simultaneous Hermaphroditism?

A

Individuals possess fully functional male and female gonads

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15
Q

What is Sequential Hermaphroditism?

A

Fish change sex sometime during its life, either from male to female or from female to male

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16
Q

What is Protogyny?

A

Female to male

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17
Q

What is protandry?

A

Male to female

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18
Q

How is sex determined in alligators?

A

By it environment. Temperatures of 30° produce all females, temperatures of 34°produce males

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19
Q

What is Parthenogenesis?

A

In some species the females lay fertile eggs - no males required

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20
Q

What are the characteristics of sex chromosomes?

A

Usually chromosomes that are morphologically distinct from each other. Their presence or a scenes determined the sex of the individual

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21
Q

What are the Sex chromosomes in females known as?

A

XX homogametic

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22
Q

What are the sex chromosomes in males known as?

A

XY heterogametic

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23
Q

What organisms is the XY system used in?

A

Mammals, and some insects and plants as well

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24
Q

What are heteromorphic sex chromosomes?

A

Sex chromosomes that look different from each other

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25
Q

What are the sex chromosomes of females and males in the XO system?

A

Female XX

Male X

26
Q

What are the characteristics of the XO system?

A

Only one type of sex chromosome (X)

Sex determined by whether sperm contains X or not

27
Q

What are Females and Males in the ZW system?

A

Females ZW

Males ZZ

28
Q

What are the characteristics of the ZW system?

A

Males are homogametic and females are heterogametic

29
Q

What are Females and Males in the Ploidy system?

A 
Females Diploid
Male Haploid (monoploid)
30
Q

How does the ploidy system work?

A

Males are produced from underutilized haploids

31
Q

What does the SRY/TDF do?

A

Transforms Gonad tissue from ovaries into testes

Produces testosterone

32
Q

Where is the SRY/TDF found?

A

On the Y chromosome

33
Q

How are XY chromosomes able to pair during meiosis?

A

They have two identical protons known as the pseudo autosomal regions that are completely identical

34
Q

What does the pseudo autosomal region contain?

A

The SHOX gene that is involved in Turner syndrome

35
Q

What is the Klinefelter Genotype?

A

XXY

36
Q

What determines sex in Drosophila?

A

Chromosome Ratios

37
Q

What are chromosome ratios?

A

The ratio between the number of X chromosomes to the number of autosomal sets

38
Q

What is XX in Drosophila?

A

Female

39
Q

What is XX is humans?

A

Female

40
Q

What is XY in Drosophila?

A

Male

41
Q

What is XY in humans?

A

Male

42
Q

What is XXY is Humans?

A

Male

43
Q

What is XXY in Drosophila?

A

Female

44
Q

What is XO in humans?

A

Female

45
Q

What is XO in Drosophila?

A

Male

46
Q

What are Sex linked genes?

A

Genes found on one of the two types of sex chromosomes, but not on both

47
Q

What is the word used to describe males having only one X chromosome?

A

Males are hemizygous

48
Q

What are Holandric Genes?

A

Genes that are carried on the Y chromosome

49
Q

Who will show traits of genes that are Y linked?

A

Only males

50
Q

What is the inheritance of the White gene in Drosophila?

A

The white gene is X linked and haplosufficient and recessive

51
Q

What does Dosage compensation do?

A

Regulates the expression of genes residing on sex chromosomes and counters the imbalance in gene dosage on sex chromosome

52
Q

How do worms tackle dosage compensation?

A

In females they make the action of the XX chromosomes half each so they add up to one or XO

53
Q

How do flies tackle dosage compensation?

A

In males the single X chromosome has a transcription rate of 2X making them add up to XX

54
Q

How do mammals tackle dosage compensation?

A

There is random inactivate of one of the X chromosomes

55
Q

How do Marsupial mammals tackle dosage compensation?

A

The paternally derived X chromosome is always deactivated

56
Q

What kind of gametes do XX hermaphrodites make?

A

Make egg and sperm cells

57
Q

What kind of gametes do X hermaphrodites make?

A

Only sperm

58
Q

What is the inactivated X chromosome in humans known as?

A

Barr bodies

59
Q

How does deactivation of an X chromosome work in humans?

A

The X chromosome that is to be inactivated produces Xist RNA which coats the chromosome then it attracts a protein complex cal PRC2 that changes the his tone proteins that puts a lysine group on the Xi chromosome which inhibits the transcription of the chromosome

60
Q

What is the genotype of Turner syndrome?

A

XO

Biol 207 (14 decks)

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