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Biol 207 > Lecture 1 > Flashcards

Lecture 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What is Genetics?

A

Using a manipulation of genes/genomes to study how gens function in fundamental biological processes

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2
Q

What do Genes do?

A

They encode a product that has job in the cell

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3
Q

What is the Operational Function of a Gene?

A

A gene that contain information encoding a product, usually an RNA and protein

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4
Q

What is the Transmission function of a Gene?

A

The function that ensures a gene carries information from one generation to the next

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5
Q

What is a Gene?

A

A gene is a heritable unit that corresponds to a defined, continuous stretch of DNA on a larger nucleic acid molecule and encodes a mobile gene product that is either RNA or Protein (or both)

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6
Q

Are Genes on a single locus?

A

In the vast majority of cases yes, but sometimes traits can be controlled by a gene on two different loci

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7
Q

What is the Transcribed Region or Transcription Unit?

A

The part of DNA that is copied onto RNA

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8
Q

Are regulatory sequenced transcribed?

A

Usually not

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9
Q

what is a Gene composed of?

A

The transcribed region plus all the sequences necessary for correct expression ex. regulatory sequences

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10
Q

What does an instructor protein do?

A

A protein that instructs gene to be turned on

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11
Q

how do Activator proteins work?

A

They bind to DNA and recruits the RNA polymerase that transcribes the gene

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12
Q

What is added after RNA is transcribed?

A

A poly-A tail, usually in eukaryotes.

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13
Q

How do Genes remain Inactivated?

A

A repressor protein binds to the DNA and competes with the activator protein so that a gene cannot be transcribed

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14
Q

What is Genomics?

A

The study/cataloging of entire genomes and their gene products

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15
Q

What is a Genome?

A

The complete genetic material in a somatic cell including chloroplasts and mitochondria

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16
Q

What is Transcriptomics

A

The study of the complete set of RNA produced by a genome

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17
Q

What is Proteomics?

A

The sequencing of proteins produced

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18
Q

What is Phylogeny?

A

The study of evolutionary history of organisms

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19
Q

Why do different organs look different despite having the same DNA?

A

Because they have different RNA and Proteins

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20
Q

What can you tell with RNA sequencing?

A

How many times an RNA sequence occurs

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21
Q

How are Genetics and Genomics different?

A

In research genetics will select mutants and breed them whereas transcriptomics will isolate the mRNA sequence that is active

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22
Q

What is Forward Genetics?

A

Where genes are first identified because of their mutant phenotype. They are then later mapped to the corresponding gene and is characterized by molecular/cellular/biochemical tools

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23
Q

What is the Concept behind Forward Genetics?

A

You let the animal tell you what genes are required for a process

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24
Q

What is the Advantage to Forward Genetics?

A

It is unbiased and extremely powerful because you can identify genes nobody has ever linked to the biological process you are studying

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25
Q

What is a disadvantage to Forward Genetics?

A

It is slow and identifying a mutated gene can be tricky

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26
Q

What is Reverse Genetics?

A

When you mutate the gene of your choice. You can remove the entire gene or just change specific sequences to alter/test its function

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27
Q

What is the Concept behind Reverse Genetics?

A

You want to know in which process a particular gene is involved or how a specific mutation affects the function of the gene product e.x. enzyme activity

28
Q

What is the Advantage to Reverse Genetics?

A

IT is extremely versatile and allows you to manipulate genes with high precision

29
Q

What is a disadvantage to Reverse Genetics?

A

It is biased, and you may knock out a gene that is not used

30
Q

What is Preformationism?

A

The idea that there is. preformed human in the sperm that would form the next generation

31
Q

How much genetic material does a child get from its parents?

A

50% from each parent

32
Q

What are the levels of DNA structure?

A

Nucleotides
Singlestrand
Double helix
Chromatin

33
Q

How does DNA express information?

A

It encodes the characteristics of an organism

34
Q

What is the is the Replication function of DNA?

A

It can be copies

35
Q

What is the Transmission function of DNA?

A

It is passed from parents to offspring during reproduction

36
Q

What is the Variation function of DNA?

A

It is subject to occasional modification that result in differences between individuals

37
Q

What two things does Genotype usually refer to?

A

1) Entire genetic information inherited by an organism (referring to all of the specific information stored in the genome)
2) The genetic information with respect to a single gene or a group of genes

38
Q

What two things does Phenotype refer to?

A

1) The form taken by some character (or individual characters) in a specific individual
2) Any detectable manifestation of a specific genotype, regardless of weather it is morphological, behavioural , physiological or molecule

39
Q

What is the Central Dogma of molecular biology?

A

The way DNA goes to RNA and the to Protein

40
Q

What does extended phenotypes refer to?

A

The idea that many animals have genetic programs that force them to do certain behaviours. eg. beavers and dams

41
Q

What is the Reaction Norm?

A

The way to describe the plasticity (flexibility) of an organism when responding to their environment

42
Q

Why might genetically identical organisms have different phenotypes?

A

Environmental factors

43
Q

What is Genetic Variation?

A

Describes differences among individuals within a population

44
Q

What are Morphs?

A

Contrasting but recurring forms or types within a single population of a species

45
Q

What is the source of Variation?

A

Mutations

46
Q

What is a Mutation?

A

A process that introduces a lasting change into the genetic material (DNA or RNA)

47
Q

How can a Mutation be passed to offspring?

A

If the change occurs in the germ-line

48
Q

What is a Point Mutation?

A

A type of mutation that affects only a single nucleotide. This may cause changes in gene expression and/or affect the function fo the corresponding gene product

49
Q

What is a Chromosomal alteration and changes in number?

A

Multiple genes are affected by a the loss, rearrangement, reattachment of a chromosome

50
Q

What are the two types of mutations?

A

Point mutation and Chromosomal Alteration

51
Q

What are the two types of variation?

A

Continuous and Discontinuous

52
Q

What does Continuous variation refer to?

A

Traits for which the phenotypes change gradually e.g. Height

53
Q

What is Discontinuous Variation?

A

Traits that fall into distinct groups e.g. eye colour

54
Q

What group do Morphs and Mutants fall under?

A

Discontinuous variation

55
Q

What are Polymorphisms?

A

Relatively frequent discontinuous variants in a population

56
Q

What is something rare known as?

A

A mutant

57
Q

What is the problem with labelling something as mutant?

A

It can be arbitrary finding the cut off, often 1%

58
Q

What do Polymorphism and Mutants result from?

A

Occasional changes in the genetic material

59
Q

What are Alleles?

A

Variants of a gene that exist in a population

60
Q

What is a Chromosome?

A

A linear piece of DNA exception: bacteria chromosomes are usually circular

61
Q

Who discovered that genes are carried on chromosomes?

A

Sutton and Boveri

62
Q

Do a genes location on a chromosome ever change?

A

No

63
Q

What is a locus?

A

The location of a gene on a chromosome

64
Q

What dies Giemsa staining result in?

A

Visible bands (G-banding) used for mapping in cytogenetics

65
Q

W=What is G-banding often used for?

A

Testing for the presence of chromosomal abnormalities

Biol 207 (14 decks)

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