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Microbiology > Lecture 11 > Flashcards

Lecture 11 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Types of specific Immunity.

A
  1. naturally acquired active: host develops after foreign substance exposure
  2. naturally acquired passive: transfer of Ab
  3. artificially acquired active: vaccination
  4. Artificially acquired passive: Ab formed by another host transferred to another.
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2
Q

Affinity

A

strength of which the antibody binds to the antigen at the proper site

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3
Q

Avidity

A

overall strength of the Ag-Ab binding. based on affinity and number of sites that are bound

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4
Q

Hapten

A

Ag that is super small, and combined with carrier molecules to act as an Ag

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5
Q

What cells are lacking MHC I?

A

RBC, cancer, virally infected cells

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6
Q

Endogenous Ag processing

A

consists of MHC I binding and presenting to CD8+ T cells

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7
Q

Exogenous Ag processing

A

consists of MHC II binding and presenting Ag fragments from the outside of the cell to CD4+ T cells

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8
Q

Antigen Presenting Cells (APC)

A

B cell, Dendritic cells, Activated macrophages

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9
Q

Natural killer cells have what function?

A

kill virus infected cells and tumor cells, attack parasites

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10
Q

What is a Th0 cell?

A

undifferentiated T cell

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11
Q

What is a Th1 cell?

A

helper cell that activates macrophages

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12
Q

What is a Th2 cell?

A

helps B cells to produce antibodies

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13
Q

What is a Th17 cell?

A

aid with microbial response; inflammation response

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14
Q

What is a Treg cell?

A

This cell aids with controlling the immune response; prevents a cytokine storm, or overactivation which would be deleterious to the self.

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15
Q

What do Th1 cells do?

A

promote Tc and activate macrophages.

- secrete IFN-gamma, IL-2, TNF-beta

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16
Q

What do Th2 cells do and secrete?

A
  1. stimulate antibody resposne; defend against helminths
  2. promote allergic reaction
  3. secrete IL-5,-6,-10,-13
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17
Q

When does a CD8+ T cell kill the target cell?

A

binds to target then activates perforin and CD95 pathway to cause lysis to the target cell.

18
Q

What are the two signals that are required for T cell activation?

A
  1. TCR/MHC initiates the signaling cascade of membrane and intracellular molecules
  2. second signal activates proliferation, differentiation, gene expression of genes unique to the required response
19
Q

What is teh function of Treg cells?

A
  1. suppress function of IL-9, TGF-beta
  2. IL-10 inhibits Th cell function
  3. Foxp3 upregulates CD25/CTLA-4 which are inhibitory signal receptors
20
Q

What can be a superantigen?

A

bacterial or viral proteins

21
Q

What are the effects of superantigen binding?

A
  1. nonspecific T cell activation
  2. massive, rapid release of cytokines
  3. cytokine storm, do not bind at the CDR3 domain like other Ag.
22
Q

What two ways can B cells be activated?

A
  1. T cell dependent

2. T cell independent

23
Q

What two signals are required for T cell dependent antigen activation?

A
  1. Ag-BCR complex binding
  2. Th2 cell binds with B cells’ Ag to secrete cytokines
    - similar to T cells binding (2 signals at minimum)
24
Q

What are the effects of B cells being activated by T cell?

A
  1. differentiation in to plasma cells or memory cells
25
Q

What are the effects of T independent antigen activation?

A
  1. less effective than T cell dependent
  2. low affinity for Ag
  3. no memory B cells form
  4. bind to large number of epitopes
26
Q

Features of IgG

A
  1. monomer
  2. fix complement
  3. blood, lymph, intestine
  4. enhance phagocytosis, neutralize toxins, protects fetus/newborn
27
Q

Features of IgM

A
  1. fix complement
  2. blood, lymph, B cells
  3. agglutinate microbe, 1st Ag produced in infection.
28
Q

Features of IgA

A
  1. dimer. secretory is slgA
  2. in secretions
  3. mucosal protection
29
Q

Features of IgD

A
  1. monomer
  2. blood, lymph, B cells
  3. initiate immune response
30
Q

Features of IgE

A
  1. on mast cells, basophils, blood
  2. provide opsonization
  3. allergic reactions, lyse helminths (parasitic worm)
31
Q

What is generally secreted before and after activation of B cells?

A

before: monomeric IgM
after: pentameric IgM

32
Q

What is an antibody titer?

A
  1. measure of serum antibody concentration

2. represents the lowest amount of antiserum that can be measured

33
Q

What is unique about a second immune response, which utilizes memory cell?

A
  1. shorter lag phase
  2. more rapid log phase
  3. longer persistence
  4. higher IgG titer and Ab have higher affinity for Ag
34
Q

What contributes to Ab diversity?

A
  1. combinatorial joining; junctional joining
  2. alternate splicing of mRNA
  3. somatic mutation
35
Q

What is unique about combinatorial joining?

A
  1. segments are clustered separately on same chromosomes
  2. RAG-1,-2 enzymes are required
  3. heavy and light chain specific
36
Q

What can somatic mutation cause, and where will they most likely happen?

A
  1. produce Ab with different epitopes
  2. therefore will occur on V regions
  • high rate of somatic mutation with Ag challenge
37
Q

What is a hybridoma?

A

monoclonal antibody

38
Q

What are monoclonal antibodies, such as hybridomas, potentially going to be used for?

A
  1. overcome limitations of antisera

2. used to produce monoclonal Ab that recognize one epitope

39
Q

What are the effects of Ab-Ag binding?

A
  1. agglutination
  2. opsonization
  3. complement activation
  4. neutralization
  5. antibody dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity
40
Q

What is agglutination?

A
  1. Ag-Ab binding effect

2. grouping of bacteria to localized areas

41
Q

What is opsonization?

A
  1. Ag-Ab binding effect

2. coating of Ag with Ab to enhance phagocytosis

Microbiology (14 decks)

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