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(OMS1) CPR Test 2 > Lecture 10: Renal Histology > Flashcards

Lecture 10: Renal Histology Flashcards

1
Q

What is a glomerulus?

A

Tuft of capillaries

  • afferent arteriole feeds into it (higher pressure)
  • efferent arteriole drains it (lower pressure)
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2
Q

What are the two type of peritubular capillaries?

A 
Cortical: surrounds proximal and distal convoluted tubules
Long medullary (vasa recta): surrounds loop of Henle
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3
Q

*What type of endothelium is found in the cortical peritubular capillary?

A

Fenestrated endothelium

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4
Q

*What type of endothelium is found in the long medullary peritubular capillary?

A

Ascending: Fenestrated
Descending: Continuous

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5
Q

What is a renal corpuscle?

A

Blood filtering component of nephron

  • Glomerulus (capillaries) - filters
  • Bowman’s capsule - collects
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6
Q

*From deep to superficial (from capillary to capsule), what are the layers of the Bowman’s capsule?

A

Visceral: layer of podocytes that cover capillaries
Glomerular space: contains the primary filtrate
Parietal layer: simple squamous EPIthelium

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7
Q

Is the vascular pole of renal corpuscles endothelium or epithelium?
What does this pole contain?

A

Endothelium

afferent and efferent arterioles

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8
Q

Is the urinary pole of renal corpuscles endothelium or epithelium?
What does this pole contain?

A

Epithelium (continuous with external envt)

origin of the PCT

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9
Q

Mesangial cells
Function
Type of cells?

A
  • hold the “ball of yarn” glomerulus and ECM of podocytes and prevent distension of the glomerulus due to high BP required for filtration (stop the pop)
  • Phagocytic cells that secrete GFs and cytokines when there is injury
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10
Q

What are the characteristics of the glomerular endothelium?

A
  • Open fenestrations = leaky
  • Thick luminal glycocalyx
  • Large number of aquaporins
  • Can promote vasodilation by generation NO and prostaglandins
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11
Q

What does the glomerular basement membrane do?

A

keeps large molecules >70kD (e.g. RBCs) and anions (e.g. proteins) in capillaries
-not good if urine has blood or albumin = indicates damage to GBM

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12
Q

What are podocytes?

A

have foot like processes that wrap around the capillaries and form slits (interlocked toes analogy) leading to selective permeability

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13
Q

*What layers of the capillaries do filtrates have to cross to reach Bowman’s capsule?

A

1) Capillary endothelium
2) Basement membrane
3) Podocytes

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14
Q

Where is the filtration membrane located? What does it allow through?

A

Between capillary and bowman’s capsule

Water, Ions, Glucose, Amino Acids, Urea&raquo_space;» to urine

*no blood or protein goes through

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15
Q

What type of cells make up the parietal layer of Bowman’s capsule?

A

Simple squamous epithelium

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16
Q 
Proximal convoluted and straight tubule: 
Found where? 
Epithelium? 
Contains? 
What transporters are here?
A
  • Cortex only
  • Simple cuboidal to columnar epithelium
  • highly folded basal and lateral membranes to increase surface area (star shaped lumen) and many microvilli (brush border) and mitochondria
  • Na+/K+ pumps, aquaporins, gluts and AA transporters

*PST less so than PCT, but also has high sensitivity to Na+ and gluts

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17
Q

Thin loop of henle
epithelium?
features

A
  • simple squamous epithelium

- no brush border

18
Q

Thick ascending loop of henle
epithelium?
features

A
  • Simple cuboidal epithelium

- Many microvilli but no brush border

19
Q 
Distal convoluted tubule: 
Found where? 
Epithelium?
Features
What hormone acts at the DCT?
A
  • Cortex only
  • Simple cuboidal epithelium
  • Sparse microvilli, smooth/more open luminal surface
  • Aldosterone (secondary to angiotensin II action)
20
Q

What is the significance of the juxtoglomerular cells in the jxtg apparatus?

A

Mechanosensory cells within afferent arterioles that secrete renin when BP is low

Specialized structure formed by the distal convoluted tubule and the glomerular afferent arteriole

21
Q

What is the function of the macula densa in the jxtg apparatus?

A

-located at the distal end of Thick Ascending Limb, it senses Na+ levels and tells jxtg cells whether to make renin or not

22
Q

Describe the “track” of urine from DCT out of the kidney

A

DCTs form collecting tubules that merge to form the collecting duct > drain into papillary ducts > renal minor calyx > major calyx > renal pelvis > ureter

23
Q

Collecting tubules/ducts:
Epithelium?
What hormones act on these?
What two cell types are here and how are they significant?

A
  • simple cuboidal with simple columnar at the ends
  • ADH and aldosterone (water and Na+ retention)
  • principal cells (target of aldosterone) and intercalated/dark cells (transports HCO3-)
24
Q

What does the cortex contain?

What does the medulla contain?

A

renal corpuscles, cortical tubules

renal columns, pyramids, medullary tubules and loop of henle

*all these parts aggregate to form the Cortical rays

25
Q

Urinary tract:
Epithelium?
Why is this type of epithelium significant?

A

transitional epithelium/urothelium

-surface changes depending on body condition (eg distended when full of urine)

26
Q

What are the layers of transitional epithelium (deep to superficial)?

A

1) Deep: single layer of basal cells on basement membrane
2) Intermediate: layers of cuboidal/columnar
3) Superficial: Umbrella cells (that stretch/relax)

27
Q

What are umbrella cells and how do they relate to bladder urine content?

A

Full bladder: thicker membrane with visible uroplakin proteins on the surface
Empty bladder: uroplakin gets endocytosed into fusiform vesicles (basically flatten when urine is emptied)

28
Q

What are the layers of the ureters? (deep to superficial)

A

Superficial: adventitia
Middle: muscularis - three layers
Innermost (lumen side): transitional epithelium

29
Q

What muscle controls flow in the ureter and how does this happen?

A

Muscularis muscle does peristalsis that allows urine flow

also has valves that prevent backflow

30
Q

Urinary bladder:
Location?
Which muscle controls it?

A
  • Anterior to uterus and rectum and sits in the pelvis

- Detrusor muscle

31
Q

What are the components of the urinary bladder?

A
  • Trigone (inferior part where ureter and urethra open to)

- Bladder wall

32
Q

What comprises the bladder wall?

A

Urothelium
Smooth muscle (detrusor)
Fibrous adventitia

33
Q

Why is UTI higher risk in women?

A

-female urethra is shorter (higher risk for UTI due to shorter bacteria traveling distance)

34
Q

What are the 3 regions of the male urethra and what epithelium covers it?

A

Prostatic (transitional)
Membranous (PSC and stratified squamous)
Spongy/penile (stratified squamous)

35
Q

Epithelium changes in the urethra (same in female and male)?

A

-Transitional (bladder) > Pseudostratified columnar (most of the urethra) > stratified squamous (distal)

36
Q

What is the difference between the internal and external urethral sphincters?

A

External urethral sphincter is under voluntary control

37
Q

Polycystic kidney disease
Cause
Clinical

A
  • PKD1 or 2 mutations

- cysts form that impede drainage and leads to renal failure and impaired BP regulation

38
Q

What is urinary incontinence?

A

-inability to control urine, more common in women

39
Q

What is most common cause of UTI?

Symptoms?

A

E. coli

Pelvic pain, dysuria, fever

40
Q

What is schistosoma haematobium?

A

Parasitic blood flukes that lead to fibrosis or calcification of bladder and higher risk for bladder cancer

(OMS1) CPR Test 2 (26 decks)

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