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Microbiome > Lecture 10: Oral Microbiome in Health > Flashcards

Lecture 10: Oral Microbiome in Health Flashcards

1
Q

What is Holobiont?

A

The co-evolution of the host organims and all its symbiotic residents

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2
Q

What is the Human Microbiome Project?

A

comprehensive characterization of the microbiome in 18 sites of the human body (9 sites were from the oral cavity)

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3
Q

What type of sequencing is used to study the genes expressed/find out species function/activity?

A

Metatranscriptome: all mRNA sequences

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4
Q

What is Metagenome Sequencing?

A

all DNA sequences
-explore all microbes present
study whole community genetic makeup: funtional POTENTIAL

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5
Q

16S rRNA target sequencings is used to study the ______

A

Bacteriome

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6
Q

ITS target sequencing is used to study the __________

A

Mycobiome (fungal microbiome)

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7
Q

Viral target sequencing is used to study the ________

A

Virome

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8
Q

What are some unique surfaces of the oral cavity as a microbial habitat?

A

Dorsum of Tongue: allows for accumulation of bacteria b/c of its rough surface
Teeth: non-shedding surface so bacteria can adhere
Nutrients (food, saliva, GCF): primary source of nutrients for bacteria is saliva

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9
Q

How does one acquire their oral microbiota?

A

Mother: role of saliva, vaginal delivery, and breast feeding

  • other close family members
  • classmates
  • food and water
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10
Q

What is the dominant species (main oral microbial pioneer) in babies?

A

Streptococcus

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11
Q

How do pioneer species modify the oral environment?

A

Autogenic Succession:

  • Modify or expose new attachment receptors
  • change local pH or Eh
  • generate new nutrients (lactate, peptides, haeminate, etc)
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12
Q

What are factors involved in Allogenic Succession?

A 
Non-microbial factors: 
eruption of teeth
placement of appliances
dietary shifts
antimicrobials
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13
Q

What are some main examples of secondary colonizers in children?

A

Prevotella, Fusobacterium, Veillonella (gram -)

also increase in colonization by streptococcus mutans and streptococcus gordonii (gram +)

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14
Q

Are early colonizers mainly anaerobe gram negatives or mainly facultative gram positives? and give 2 examples

A

Facultative Gram Positive

Actinomyces nauslaundii and Streptococcus sangius

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15
Q

Secondary colonization happens by which type of bacteria and give examples of those type of bacteria?

A

Secondary colonization happens by Capnophilic/Anaerobic Gram (-) bacteria like:
Capnocyophaga spp. & Veillonella spp. followed by Prevotella spp., Fusobacterium Nucleatum, & Porpyromonas spps

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16
Q

How does the dental plaque transition into an oxygen deprived environment from an early aerobic environment?

A

Increase in early aerobic colonizers use up a lot of the oxygen—> limited oxygen as well as increase in their byproducts lead to a more anaerobic environment
and lowering of redox potential

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17
Q

What are the stages of plaque formation?

A

Pioneers–> Micro-colonies–> Confluent growth–> increasing diversity–> more diversity–> climax community

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18
Q

What is unique about F. nucleatum in mature dental plaque?

A

Its a linker bacteria: links early colonizers with late colonizers

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19
Q

Which complexes are associated with health and which are associated with periodontitis?

A

Yellow, Purple, Green = Health

Red and Orange= Periodontitis

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20
Q

Which Bacteria are in the Orange complex?

A

P. intermedia, P. nigrescens, P.micros, F. nucleatum

C. gracillis, C. rectus, E. nodatum, S. constellatus

21
Q

Which bacteria are in the Red Complex?

A

P. gingivalis
T. Forsythia
T. denticola

22
Q

What are the synergistic and antagonistic microbial interactions that maintain microbial homeostasis?

A

Food Chains/webs
Enzyme consortium
Environmental interactions
Sharing resistance to antimicrobials &host immune responses
Bacteriocins, organic compounds etc.
Autoinducers (intercellular commnications)

23
Q

Microbial homeostasis is termed ___________

A

Normobiosis

24
Q

Loss of microbial homeostasis is termed_________

A

Dysbiosis

25
Q

Streptococcus

A

Facultative Gram + cocci

S. mutans: primary cause of caries

26
Q

Anaerobic Streptococci

A

Anaerobic Gram + cocci

Micromonas micra: associated with periodontitis

27
Q

Actinomyces

A

Facultative Gram + Rods

predominant in dental plaque

28
Q

Lactobacillus

A

Facultative Gram + rods

29
Q

Rothia

A

Facultative Gram + rods

30
Q

Eubacterium

A

Anaerobic Gram + rods

31
Q

Propionibacterium

A

Anaerobic Gram + Rods

32
Q

Neisseria

A

Facultative Gram - cocci

associated with health

33
Q

Veillonella

A

Anaerobic Gram - cocci

associated with health

34
Q

Haemophilus

A

Facultative Gram - Rods

35
Q

Capnocytophaga

A

Capnophilic (facultative) Gram - Rods

associated with health and gingivitis

36
Q

Aggregatibacter

A

Facultative Gram - Rods

associated w/ Aggressive periodontitis (localized)

37
Q

Fusobacterium

A

Anaerobic Gram - rods

in high amounts- associated with periodontitis

38
Q

Prevotella

A

Anaerobic Gram - Rods

associated with periodontitis

39
Q

Porphyromonas

A

Anaerobic Gram - Rods

associated with periodontitis

40
Q

Spirochetes

A

T. denticola: not a gram stain, and not typically gram - bacteria its spiral bacteria

41
Q

Oral Synergistetes

A 
Fretibacterium fastidosum
Jonquetella anthropo
Pyramidobacter piscolens
uncultivable
newly recognized periodontitis pathogens
42
Q

TM7 (saccharibacteria)

A

largely uncultivable

newly recognized periodontitis pathogens

43
Q

Which Fungi are found in the oral cavity?

A

Candida spp.

Malassezia

44
Q

Which Viruses are found in the oral cavity?

A

HSV-1
cytomegalovirus
coxsackie virus

45
Q

What are the 2 Mycoplasma found in the oral cavity?

A

Mycoplasma salivarium

Mycoplasma buccalis

46
Q

What protozoa are found in the oral cavity?

A

Trichomonas tenax
Entamoeba gingivalis
both associated with periodontitis

47
Q

Do we have more facultative organisms in a healthy oral microbiome or more anaerobic?

A

More facultative organisms in a healthy oral microbiome

48
Q

What is the core microbiome?

A

refers to species that are present in all individuals or at least in 90% of the population

49
Q

How does the oral microbiome have a variable composition?

A

Intra-individual: from site to another
Inter-individual: from individual to another
Inter-ethnicity: from ethnicity to another

Microbiome (6 decks)

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