Lecture 10 - Nutrition & Immune Function in Athletes Flashcards

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1
Q

what does the immune system do?

A
  • recognizes, attacks and destroys things that are foreign to the body
  • protects the body against infections caused by bacteria, viruses, fungi, and parasites
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2
Q

two broad functions of the immune functions

A

Innate and Adaptive immunity

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3
Q

Innate Immunity

A
  • the body’s first line of defense
  • the attempt of an infectious agent to enter the body immediately activates the innate immune system
  • it comprises three general mechanisms that have the common goal of restricting microorganisms entry into the body
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4
Q

three general mechanisms of the innate immune system

A
  • physical or structural barriers (skin, epithelial linings, mucosal secretions)
  • chemical barriers (pH of bodily fluids i.e. saliva and soluble factors)
  • phagocytic cells (neutrophils, monocytes and macrophages)
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5
Q

Adaptive Immunity

A
  • failure of the innate system and the resulting infection activates the adaptive immune system to help recover from infection
  • adaptive immunity is helped greatly by T-lymphocyte acquisition of receptors that recognize the foreign molecules (called antigens)
  • causes memory that enables the immune system to mount an augmented response when the host is reinfected by the same pathogen
  • THIS IS THE BASIS OF VACCINATION WITH AN ATTENUATED VIRUS
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6
Q

acute inflammation

A

the introduction of an infection agent to the body initiates an inflammatory response, which augments the response of the immune system.
Acute inflammation causes:
- increase local BF in the infected area
- increases permeability of blood capillaries
- facilitates the entry of leukocytes and plasma proteins into the infected tissue
- produces symptoms of redness, swelling, and soreness

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7
Q

how are immune responses triggered

A

the immune response itself varies according to the nature of the infection agent (parasitic, bacterial, fungal, or viral) but a general response pattern is evident
- the key player is the macrophage which expresses toll like receptors (TLRs) on its surface
- TLRss initiate an immune response
- the macrophage ingests the foreign material and presents antigens on its cell surface that in turn activate T and B lymphocytes specific for that antigen

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8
Q

TLRs

A

Toll-like receptors
- TLRs detect the presence of certain molecules that are present on the surface of microorganisms and initiate an immune response to destroy potentially harmful invaders

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9
Q

other things that infection agents can activate

A
  • phagocytic cells
  • NK cells
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10
Q

factors that can increase an athletes susceptibility to URI symptoms

A
  • too much stress for the athlete (physiological, psych, environmental, poor sleep, inadequate diet) can lead to depressed immune function that leads to an increased suscep……
  • allergy or inflammation of airways
  • increased exposure to pathogens (lung ventilation, skin abrasions, foreign travel, crowds, bad hygiene)
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11
Q

how can exercise impact immune defences

A

athletes that engage in heavy endurance training programs often have depressed immune function and suffer from increased incidents of URTIs
- training and competitive surroundings may increase the athletes exposure to pathogens and provide optimal conditions of pathogen transmission
- heavy, prolonged exertion is associated with numerous hormonal and biochemical changes, many of which potentially have detrimental effects on immune function
- increases in temperature depresses white blood cell which depresses immune response

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12
Q

open window theory

A

THEORETICAL
- short term suppression of the immune system following an acute bout of endurance exercise
- window of opporitunity to get sick
- so if this occurs and they are already at risk for URTIs then their risk increases

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13
Q

Exercise and infection J curve

A

GO TO SL. 10
- the dotted line is what the new literature is saying

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14
Q

most common illness in athletes (and general pop)

A

Upper respiratory tract infections
- caused by virus (i.e. the common cold, influenza)
- more common in winter months
- adults typically experience 2-4 URTI episodes per year
- athletes can also develop similar symptoms from an allergy or inflammation affecting the mucosal lining of the upper respiratory tract caused by the inhalation of cold, dry, or polluted air
- risk is higher for females in cold environments, when usually men are at higher risk of everything

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15
Q

consequences of URTIs in athlete

A

URTI symptoms are generally not severe but no matter whether the symptoms and inflammation are caused by an infection, allergy, or an adverse reaction, they can cause an athlete to:
- miss training
- underperform
- be unable to participate in an important competition
- be a danger to other team members
- be isolated from other team members

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16
Q

common illnesses in athletes

A
  • URTIs
  • ear and eye infections (more common in aquatic sports)
  • transdermal infections (from skin abrasions from physical collisions and contact)
  • GI infections (poor food hygiene; exercising in heat increases gut permeability which means certain bacteria endotoxins can enter systemic circulation)
  • infection of the genitourinary system
17
Q

how can allergies impact athletes

A

allergy means adverse reaction of the immune system to a substance not recognized as harmful by most people’s immune systems
- true allergies are typically associated with the formation of antibodies
- allergies DOES NOT EQUAL food intolerance
- high level athletes present an increased risk for asthma and allergies affecting the respiratory tract

18
Q

food intolerance

A
  • occurs when the body fails to produce a sufficient amount of a particular enzyme needed to digest a food component before it can be absorbed
19
Q

lactose intolerant

A

caused by a lack of lactase, the enzyme that digests the main sugar in milk, a disaccharide called lactose
- when lactose reaches the colon, it is fermented by the microbes in the intestine, producing CO2 gas

20
Q

direct and indirect effects of poor nutrition on your immune system

A

Indirect
- when we are deficient in certain micronutrients that are needed for cellular processes
- dehydration can make it more difficult to transport nutrients
- low can diets can affect the amount of hormones we can produce

21
Q

how can carb intake during exercise effect hormone levels

A
  • consuming carbs (but not glutamine) during exercise reduces the rises in stress hormones, such as cortisol, and appears to limit the degree of exercise-induced immunodepression
  • consuming carbs during exercise reduces rises in inflammatory cytokines
  • during prolonged exercise of 50-80% of VO2, 30 to 60g of carbs per hr should be ingested
  • you can’t increase
22
Q

how do micronutrients affect immune response

A
  • an adequate intake of iron, zinc, B, C, E vitamins is particularly important, but the dangers of oversupplementation should also be emphasized
  • risk of supp. exceeds their benefits
  • many micronutrients given beyond quantities beyond a certain threshold reduce immune responses and may have other toxic effects
23
Q

iron, Vit B, and zincs benefits

A

Iron
- plays a role in generating ROS, which can help with training adaptations
Vit B
- induced in energy metabolism (indirectly), DNS synthesis
Zinc
- act as an antiviral component, involved in nucleic acid synthesis

24
Q

list some examples of supplements that may benefit immunity and reduce risk of infection

A

Probiotics
- also not regulated
- very important for healthy balance of gut bacteria
- 70% of immune response comes from the gut
Plant polyphenols
- bioactive compounds found in vegs abd nuts
- known for anti inflammatory and antioxidant capacity, can help remove ROS
Bovine colostrum
- liquid gold
- very high in anti inflammatory and antibacterials
- transfers antibodies to the consumer
Vit D
- D3 is active form of VD, the most absorbed vit in the body
- can reduce risk of respiratory illness

25
Q

supplements that can reduce severity/duration of common cold symptoms

A
  • herbals such as echinacea and kaloba
  • ionic zin (>75mg/day)
26
Q

behavioural strategies to reduce risk of illness

A
  • allow sufficient time between training sessions
  • avoid long training sessions
  • training variation (hard vs easier days)
  • monitor and record mood, feelings or fatigue, muscle soreness
  • keep the other life, keep social psychological stress to a minimum
  • avoid rapid weight loss
  • regular and adequate sleep
  • avoid close contact with ppl who have symptoms
  • don’t share drink bottles