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Developmental > Lecture 10 - Mental Health > Flashcards

Lecture 10 - Mental Health Flashcards

1
Q

What do mental health issues need to have to be diagnosed

A

Causing distress - impact
Meet set criteria DSMV
Clinical judgement

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2
Q

How has mental health conditions been seen as a part of autism

A

Kanners 1943:
Fear and anxiety around objects/events
Depression
Insistence sameness

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3
Q

What are the categories of risk/protective factors of mental health

A

Environment
Societal
Psychological
Biological

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4
Q

What are examples of Environmental risk/protective factors to mental health

A 
Stress
Bereavement 
Finances 
Bullying 
Unemployment
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5
Q

What are examples of Societal risk/protective factors to mental health

A

Attitudes
Stigma
Policy - service provision
Poverty

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6
Q

What are examples of Psychological risk/protective factors to mental health

A

Thinking style
Coping strategies
Resilience

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7
Q

What are examples of Biological risk/protective factors to mental health

A

Genetic predisposition - family history

Brain structure and function

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8
Q

Outline the Diagnosis of Autism

A

5 years autism
11 years - adulthood AS
Instruments can diagnose early 18 months

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9
Q

Outline Growing up with Autism

A 
Up to 75% bullying and peer victimisation 
Transition adulthood: 
Lack support 
Health and social difficulties 
Poor quality life
Low occupational achievement 
Social exclusion and isolation
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10
Q

What are the social challenges of being autistic

A

Difficulty recognising other emotions, interpreting and predicting others behaviour and responding appropriately
Less readable
Double empathy problem
Negatively evaluated by non-autistic people

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11
Q

Outline Sassoon et al 2017 study on autistic people being negatively evaluated by non-autistic people

A

Autistic individuals do a video tape selling themselves
Got neurotypical people rate these videos
Voted autistic individuals less favourably

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12
Q

Outline how Autistic people camouflage

A

Camouflage to cope in social situations
Copy those who are neurotypical prevent judgement
More common in women contributing mid/under diagnosis
Toll on mental health - suicidal
Loss identity
Exhausting
Helps fit in neurotypical society (positive?)

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13
Q

What are the mental health conditions associated with Autism

A

Depression
Anxiety
Anorexia Nervosa
Borderline Personality Disorder

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14
Q

Outline DSMV criteria for major depressive disorder

A 
Depressed mood 
Insomnia/Hyperion is 
Worthlessness Guilt 
Loss interest 
Psychomotor retardation/agitation 
Impaired concentration or indecisiveness 
Change weight/appetite 
Loss energy/fatigue 
Death or suicidal ideation/attempt
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15
Q

Outline DSMV criteria for Persistent Depressive Disorder

A 
Poor appetite/Over eating 
Insomnia/Hypersomnia 
Low energy/Fatigue 
Low self-esteem 
Impaired concentration or indecisiveness 
Hopelessness 
Never without symptoms for more 2 months
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16
Q

Outline Depressive Prevalence

A

23% UK population experience mental health problem, depression most common
79% autistic adults meet criteria psychiatric condition some point - depression most common
Depression 30-50% autistic adults and 30% children

17
Q

Social consequences autism

A

Loneliness
Chronic isolation
Perceived inequality
Inadequacy

18
Q

Outline emotional consequences autism

A 
Poor perceived self worth 
Stress 
Social anxiety 
Depression 
Difficulties in social problem solving skills
19
Q

Young adulthood and Autism

A

Young adulthood - increased social demands, expectations, comparisons. Support.
ASD - social struggles, difficulties understanding, developing and maintaining social relationships
This Age span associated increased susceptibility depressive episodes
Lock support and feelings loneliness

20
Q

Which societal difficulties may mediate increased depression in Autism

A

Social problem solving ability
Loneliness
Lack social support

21
Q

What makes a good assessment tool?

A

Structural validity and internal consistency - do they measure what I want to measure

Hypothesis testing - does the tool perform the way we expect it to

Criterion validity - does tool correlate with gold standard assessment

Content validity - are questions relevant, understandable to target group

Reliability - same result from different assessors? At different times?

22
Q

Diagnostic overshadowing and structural validity

A

Depression has 1 major factor explain consistency

Autism: some items assess autism? Different factor structure? Lower internal consistency of items?
More than 1 latent factor to explain. Might score completely different on factors
Factors do not necessarily correlate

23
Q

Outline structural validity

A

Acceptable internal consistency or both sub scales (anxiety and depression) in autism

24
Q

Outline Hypothesis Testing

A

Mild-moderate correlated with other measures

e.g. well-being and depression

25
Q

Outline cognitive aspects of ASD

A

Alexythymia: difficulty verbalising internal thoughts and feelings.
ToM: difficulty putting yourself in others show
Literal interpretation: difficulty reading between lines
Reduced flexibility in thinking - executive functions

26
Q

Outline Atypical cognition and content validity

A

Ensure questions relevant and understandable, taking into account cognitive characteristics autism

Feeling down —> Alexythymia

27
Q

Adapting depression tools for autism

A

Include autistic specific items capture unique presentation in autism
Loss interest in previously intense interest
Change in: eating, sleep, movement
Sensory sensitivity, camouflaging
BUT sensory hypo-sensitivity and depression look similar

28
Q

Why is depression highly prevalent in autism

A

Increased experience of psycho-social risk factors
Due difficulties accurate identification
- overestimate (overlapping)
- under estimate (fail capture autism specific factors)

29
Q

Outline anxiety symptoms

A 
Restlessness or feeling on edge 
Easily fatigued 
Difficulties concentrating 
Irritability 
Muscle tension 
Sleep disturbance
30
Q

Outline anxiety in autism

A

Insistence sameness
Intolerance uncertainty, repetitive behaviours and sensory processing
Sensory difficulties core feature and associated REBs
Fear violation of logical rules or unpredictability social situations

31
Q

Outline Anxiety and Autism Assessment

A

Revised child anxiety and depression scale adapted children autism
Additional autism specific areas include in measure: sensory anxiety, intolerance uncertainty, phobias
Focus groups with parents refine content validity
Survey established factor structure

32
Q

Overlapping between BPD and Autism

A 
Overlap: 
Social difficulties 
Emotion regulation difficulties 
Frequent suicidal gestures 
Appear have very unstable and chaotic lifestyle - frequent changes or inappropriate friendships 
Camouflaging problem with identity
33
Q

Compared BPD and Autism

A

BOD more commonly diagnosed females
Autism under diagnosed females
High prevalence suicidal/self-injury and camouflaging in autistic females
Lead misdiagnosis autistic females BPD
15% BPD met criteria co-occurring autism
1% general pop
ASD and BPD high risk suicide, significantly lower negative self image
Elevated autistic traits BPD was

34
Q

Summary BPD and Autism

A

Symptoms overlap
Misdiagnosis
Increased social difficulties
Self-harm behaviours

35
Q

Outline Eating Disorders

A

Persistent restriction energy intake leading low body weight
Intense fear gaining weight or becoming fat
Persistent behaviour interferes weight gain
Disturbance way ones body weight or shape experienced
Anorexia - significantly underweight
Bulimia - recurrent episodes binge eating followed inappropriate compensatory behaviours

36
Q

Outline Eating disorders and Autism being separate conditions

A

Autism - social function and flexibility, early onset first 3 years. Prevalent male BUT under diagnosed females.

ED - adolescence, adulthood. Prevalent females

ID more prevalent autism

37
Q

Outline Eating disorders and Autism overlapping

A

Autism increase ED
Underlying lack flexibility, difficulties social functioning women EDs
Indicative undiagnosed autism

0.3% female autism prevalence in general pop
8-37% females autism ED
Increased prevalence autism ED

38
Q

Are behaviours being measured truly autistic?

A

Result co-morbid OCD, depression, anxiety, starvation
Overlap autism
Starvation temporarily increases rigidity and obsession food
Mistake autism - narrow obsessive interest, sensory difficulties, social difficulties, rituals

Developmental (10 decks)

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