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PUBH203 > Lecture 10: International Health Policies and Goals > Flashcards

Lecture 10: International Health Policies and Goals Flashcards

1
Q

What are the government policy instruments?

A
  • legislation/regulation
  • fiscal: taxation
  • discal: expenditure
  • organisational change
  • persuasion
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2
Q

what is an example of legislation/regulation

A
  • age restrictions for alcohol
  • seatbelts
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3
Q

what is an example of fiscal taxation?

A
  • tax on alcohol to deter
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4
Q

what is an example of fiscal expenditure?

A
  • first-year free tertiary study
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5
Q

what is an example of organisational change

A
  • primary health organisations
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6
Q

what is an example of persuasion?

A
  • anti-speeding advert campaigns
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7
Q

What is the United Nations? when did it start, who is involved, what are the goals?

A

an International organisation

  • established in 1945
  • 193 member states
  • they confront common challenges, manage shared responsibilities and exercise collective action
  • in an enduring quest for a peaceful, inclusive and sustainably developing world, in conformity with the principles of justice and international law
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8
Q

what are the UN Millenium Development Goals?

A
  • Goals devised by the UN from 2000-to 2015 aimed at the ‘developing world’ or low/middle-income countries
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9
Q

what are the 8 UN millenium development goals?

A
  1. eradicate extreme poverty and hunger
  2. achieve universal primary education
  3. promote gender equality and empower women
  4. reduce child mortality
  5. improve maternal health
  6. combat HIV/AIDS, malaria and other diseases
  7. ensure environmental sustainability
  8. develop a global partnership for development
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10
Q

what happen to the goals in 2015?

A

they were replaced by the sustainable development goals

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11
Q

what are the 17 sustainable development goals?

A
  1. no poverty
  2. zero hunger
  3. good health and well-being
  4. quality education
  5. gender equality
  6. clean water and sanitation
  7. affordable and clean energy
  8. decent work and economic growth
  9. industry, innovation and infrastructure
  10. reduced inequalities
  11. sustainable cities and communities
  12. responsible consumption and production
  13. climate action
  14. life below water
  15. life on land
  16. peace,justice and strong institutions
  17. partnerships for the goals
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12
Q

elaborate the aim of goals number 3 (good health and well-being)

A

ensure healthy lives and promote well-being for all at all ages

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13
Q

what are the targets and indicators for ensuring good health and well-being? (goal 3)

A

Target 3.1
- Reduce the global maternity mortality to less than 70/100,000 live births

Indicator 3.1.1
- Maternal mortality ratio

Indicator 3.1.2
- proportion of births attended by skilled health personnel

Target 3.5
- prevention the prevention and treatment of substance abuse including alcohol

Indicator 3.5.1
- coverage of treatment interventions

Indicator 3.5.2
- harmful use of alcohol by L of of pure alochol per year

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14
Q

elaborate the aim of goal 11 (sustainable cities and communities)

A

make cities and human settlements inclusive, safe, resilient and sustainable

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15
Q

what are the targets and indicators of making sustainable cities and communities? (goal 11)

A

Target 11.1
- ensure access to adequate, safe and affordable housing and basic services and upgrade slums

Indicators 11.1.1
- proportion of urban population living in slums, informal settlements or inadequate housing

Target 11.6
- reduce the adverse environmental impacts of cities including air quality and municipal waste management

Indicator 11.6.1
- proportion of urban solid waste regularly collected and with adequate final discharge

Indicator 11.6.2
- annual mean levels of find particulate matter in cities

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16
Q

how do we measure outcomes for SDG’s?

A

governments need to report back to the UN to track progress

17
Q

what does this show about NZ’s outcomes for SDG’s?

A

New Zealand is doing relatively okay….

  • things such as well-being and health are going well
  • however, house affordability is not going well for NZ
18
Q

What does this show?

A

comparing New Zealand, Denmark, Australia and Ireland in terms of how they are meeting the SDP’s as they are similar countries with similar population sizes

  • we can see that the measurements are all relatively similar
  • interesting that NZ has full bars for goal 11 (sustainable cities), while the other countries aren’t quite there.
19
Q

what is the social progress imperative?

A
  • an independant organisation
  • who have developed the social progress index to measure against SDGs
  • “it is a standard to rank societies based on how they meet the needs of citizens”
  • they took the sustainable development goals and mapped them into 3 categories
20
Q

what are the 3 categories of the social progress imperative?

A
  • basic human needs
  • foundations of well-being
  • opportunity
21
Q

what is this? what do the colours mean?

A
  • this is new zealand score on the social progress index
  • NZ ranked 4th
  • yellow dots = performing within expected range of country like ours
  • blue dots = overperforming compared to countries like ours
  • red dots = underperforming compared to countries like ours
22
Q

what do these results say about NZ?

A
  • doing well in nutrition and basic medical care
  • NZ is doing well for not having an undernourished population
  • we are underperforming in terms of child mortality rates
  • doing well in maternal mortality rates
  • overperforming in personal safety
  • underperforming in traffic deaths
  • overperforming in evironmental quality
  • underperforming in greenhouse gas emmisions
23
Q

what is the world health organisation? what is their objective? who is involved and what to they do?

A
  • directing and co-ordination authority on international health
  • their objective: the attainment by all peoples of the highest possible level of health
  • governance of the WHO is by the World Health Assembly
  • WHA is made up of all UN member states represented
  • they meet annually to review WHO work, ratify agreements and make formal resolutions
24
Q

what is the Ottawa Charter for Health Promotion?

A

an international agreement organised by the WHO

  • it went to the WHA to be ratified and it was the first charter the WHA ratified unanimously
25
Q

what is health promotion?

A
  • empowering individuals, families and communities to take control of and improve their health
    AND
  • creating the environments to enable that to happen
26
Q

how did the ottawa charter for health promotion spark NZ government action?

A

promoted organisational change:

In 1986, there was maybe one health education officer per public health region

since 1986:

  • name changed to Health Promotion Adviser (HPA)
  • DoH with regional offices to MoH with DHB equivalents
  • new positions were created for HPA within DHBS
  • Primary Health organisations - Health Promoters
  • Contracts with many NGOs for health promoters (non-governmental organisations)
27
Q

what instruments do the public and public health have?

A
  • advocacy
  • making a submission
  • using the media
  • public meeting/workshops
28
Q

what is public health advocacy?

A

“The effort to influence public policy through various forms of persuasive communication”

  • the strategic use of persuasive communication to advance a public health policy initiative
  • a key health promotion role (OC)
  • a key strategy for public policy change
  • challenging for health professionals
  • time sensitive
  • activity must be sustained over time
  • a variety of activities are necessary
29
Q

what is the framework convention on tobacco control?

A
  • it is a treaty
  • first treaty negotiated by WHO
  • 180 signatory parties
  • one of the most rapidly and widely embraced treaties
  • signatories report to the WHA on progress
  • agreed 2002, into force 2005
30
Q

what are the core reduction provision for the FCTC?

A
  • articles 6-14
  • price and tax measures to reduce the demand for tobacco
  • non-price measures to reduce the demand:
  • protection from exposure to tobacco smoke
  • regulation of the contents of tobacco products
  • regulation of tobacco product disclosures
  • packaging and labelling of tobacco products
  • education, communication, training and public awareness
  • tobacco advertising, promotion and sponsorship
  • demand reduction measures concerning tobacco dependence and cessation
31
Q

what are the core supply reduction provisions of FCTC?

A
  • article 15-17
  • illicit trade in tobacco products
  • sales to and by minors
  • provision of support for economically viable alternative activities (for tobacco workers, growers and maybe sellers)
32
Q

what are ways of reporting on the FCTC?

A
  • smoking prevalence
  • tobacco related morbidity and mortality
  • price of and taxation on tobacco
  • legislation for tobacco control
  • protection from 2nd hand smoke
  • supply of tobacco products
  • bans of advertising of, or sponsorship by tobacco companies
  • education/communication/awareness raising
33
Q

what are important things to remember about international health policies and goals? (summary)

A
  • the NZ government signs a variety of international agreements and treaties
  • some are binding, others aspirational
  • treaties impact directly on all government policy, regardless of the party or parties in power
  • agreements have less direct impact. Depending on the policy direction of the party/parties in power, they may have more or less support for implementation
  • the public health organisations can encourage government to implement international agreements through advocacy

PUBH203 (8 decks)

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