Lecture 10: Immunisations and Prophylaxis Flashcards
list the different types of vaccines
- live (attenuated)
- killed (inactivated)
- detoxified exotoxin
- subunit of micro-organism: purified microbial products, recombinant
list examples of live attenuated vaccines
- measles, mumps, rubella (MMR)
- polio (oral)
- BCG
- varicella-zoster virus
- yellow fever
- typhoid (oral Ty21a)
- rotavirus (oral)
- smallpox
list examples of inactivated whole cell vaccines
- polio (in combined vaccine)
- influenza
- hepatitis A
- cholera
- rabies
- japanese encephalitis
- tick-borne encephalitis
list examples of subunit vaccines
- pertussis (acellular)
- haemophilus influenza type B
- meningococcus (group C)
- Pneumococcus
- hepatitis B
- typhoid
- anthrax
what vaccinations are offered at 2 months?
- 6-in-1 vaccine
- pneumococcal conjugate
- rotavirus
- Men B
what vaccinations are offered at 3 months old?
- 6-in-1 vaccine
- rotavirus
what vaccine is offered at age 4 months?
- 6-in-1 vaccine + pneumococcal conjugate + Men B
what vaccinations are offered at 1 year old?
- Hib/Men C
- MMR
- pneumococcal conjugate
- men B
what vaccine is offered at age 2-8 years old?
influenza nasal
what vaccines are offered at age 3-5 years?
- 4-in-1 booster (DTaP/IPV)
- MMR
what vaccination is offered to girls aged 12-13?
HPV
what vaccination is offered at-14 years old?
- 3-in-1 booster (dT/IPV)
- Men ACWY
examples of detoxified exotoxin vaccines
- diptheria
- tetanus
what substance is used to detoxify a toxin used for a vaccine?
formalin
give an example of a recombinant vaccine
hepatitis B
what are the components of the ‘6 in 1’ vaccine: Infanrix hexa?
- D = purified diptheria toxoid
- T = purified tetanus toxoid
- aP = purified bordetella pertussis
- IPV = inactivated polio virus
- Hib = purified component of haemophilus infleunza B
- HBV = hepatitis B rDNA
what are the indications for the influenza vaccine?
- age > 65
- nursing home residents
- some health care workers
- immunodeficiency
- immunosuppression
- asplenia/hyposplenism
- chronic liver/kidney/cardiac/lung disease
- diabetes mellitus
- coeliac disease
- pregnant women
describe passive immunisation with human normal immunoglobulin
- contains antibodies against hep. A, rubella and measles
- used in immunoglobulin deficiencies
- treatment of some autoimmune disorders e.g. myasthenia gravis
give examples of passive immunisations with a disease specific immunoglobulin (post-exposure)
- hepatitis B Ig
- rabies Ig
- tetanus anti-toxin Ig
- varicella zoster (chickenpox) Ig
- diptheria anti-toxin Ig (horse)
- botulinum anti-toxin Ig
list the common immunisations given for travellers
- tetanus
- polio
- typhoid
- hepatitis A
- yellow fever
- cholera
list immunisations for travellers given in special circumstances
- meningococcus A, C, W, Y
- rabies
- diptheria
- japanese B encephalitis
- tick-borne encephalitis
list the different types of prophylaxis
- chemoprophylaxis against malaria
- post-exposure prophylaxis e.g. ciprofloxacin for meningococcal disease
- HIV post-exposure prohpylaxis
- surgical antibiotic prophylaxis
what is the ABCD of malaria prevention?
- awareness of risk
- bite prevention
- chemoprophylaxis
- diagnosis and treatment
list some mosquito bit prevention measures
- cover up at dawn and dusk
- insect repellent sprays, lotions (DEET)
- mosquito coils
- permethrin-impregnated mosquito nets
list the different chemoprophylaxis agents against malaria
- Malarone (proquanil & atovaquone) daily
- doxycycline daily
- mefloquine weekly
- chloroquine weekly + proquanil daily: for vivax/ovale/malariae only
choice depends on country
list some side effects of mefloquine
- psychosis, nightmares
- avoid is history of psychosis, epilepsy
malaria advice to travellers on return
- any illness occuring within 1 year, and especially within 3 months of return, might be malaria.
- patients should seek medical attention if they become ill, particularly within 3 months, and mention malaria risk.
