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GI Midterm > Lecture 10-Digestive Glands > Flashcards

Lecture 10-Digestive Glands Flashcards

1
Q

Digestive glands

-General functions?

A

Lubricative, protective, digestive, and absorptive functions

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2
Q

Digestive gland functions are mediated by?

A

Their secretory products released into the oral cavity and duodenum

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3
Q

3 major digestive glands?

A
  • Salivary (parotid, submandibular, and sublingual)
  • Exocrine pancreas
  • Liver (gallbladder)
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4
Q

Exocrine glands are glands that?

A

secrete their products into ducts

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5
Q

Classification of exocrine glands

-Structure?

A
  • simple-unbranched

- compound-branched

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6
Q

Classification of exocrine glands

-Structure of the secretory unit?

A
  • Tubular

- Alveolar (acinar)

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7
Q

Classification of exocrine glands

-Secretory product?

A

Mucus or serous (watery fluid with zymogen/proenzyme granules)

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8
Q

Classification of exocrine glands

-3 secretory mechanisms?

A
  • Merocrine
  • Holocrine
  • Apocrine
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9
Q

Classification of exocrine glands

-Secretory mechanism-merocrine?

A

Exocytosis

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10
Q

Classification of exocrine glands

-Secretory mechanism-Holocrine?

A

Whole cell

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11
Q

Classification of exocrine glands

-Secretory mechanism-Apocrine?

A

Gland releases its product together with a small amount of the apical cytoplasm of the secretory cell

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12
Q

Major salivary glands

-Classified as?

A

Branched tubuloalveolar glands

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13
Q

Major salivary glands

-Excretory ducts open into?

A

The oral cavity

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14
Q

Saliva contains 5 components?

A
  • Proteins
  • Glycoproteins (mucus)
  • Ions
  • Water
  • IgA
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15
Q

Submadibular gland

-produces?

A

Most of the saliva

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16
Q

Parotid gland

-produces? Rich in?

A

Some saliva-amylase rich

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17
Q

Production of saliva is under the control of?

A

The ANS

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18
Q

Striated duct

  • This epithelium is involved in?
  • Well developed in which glands?
A
  • Transport of ions and water

- Well developed in submandibular and parotid glands

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19
Q

Protective function

-3 constituents of saliva and their functions?

A
  • Lysozyme-attacks bacteria
  • Lactoferrin-chelates iron necessary for bacterial growth
  • IgA-neutralizes pathogens
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20
Q

Digestive function

-relies on?

A
  • Amylase-initiates digestion of carbs

- Lingual lipase-hydrolysis of dietary lipids

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21
Q

Slide 10?

A

?

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22
Q

Salivary glands

-Parotid?

A

Exclusively serous acini

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23
Q

Salivary glands

-Sublingual gland?

A
  • Mixed serous and mucus

- Mucus acini predominate

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24
Q

Salivary glands

-Submandibular gland?

A
  • Mixed serous and mucus
  • Serous demilunes
  • Pure mucus acini rare
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25
Q

Parotid gland

-Enzymes?

A

Amylase, peroxidase, lysozyme

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26
Q

Parotid gland-Clinical significance

-primary target of?

A

The rabies and mumps viruses-transmitted in saliva containing the virus

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27
Q

The mumps virus causes?

A

Transient swelling of the parotid gland and confers immunity (can’t get it again)

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28
Q

Two complications of mumps?

A

Orchitis and meningitis

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29
Q

Bilateral orchitis caused by the mumps virus can result in?

A

Sterility

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30
Q

Parotid gland-most frequent site for slow growing benign salivary gland tumors
-Surgical removal is complicated by?

A

The location of the facial nerve

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31
Q

Submandibular glands

-Mucus cells secrete?

A
  • Mucus cells secrete mucin which aids in the lubrication of the food bolus as it travels through the esophagus
  • In addition, the serous cells produce salivary amylase-aids in the breakdown of starches
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32
Q

Sublingual gland

-2 types of cells?

A
  • Serous and mucous cells

- Most secretory units are mucous

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33
Q

Exocrine pancreas-the pancreas is a combined endocrine and exocrine gland
-Endocrine component?

A

Islet of Langerhans (represents only 2% of pancreas volume)

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34
Q

The main function of the endocrine pancreas?

A

Regulation of glucose metabolism by hormones secreted into the bloodstream

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35
Q

The functional histologic unit of the exocrine pancreas?

A

Acinus

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36
Q

Initiation of the secretory-excretory duct system?

A

Lumen of the acinus

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37
Q

Lumen of the acinus contains?

A

Centroacinar cells (unique to the pancreas)

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38
Q

Centroacinar cells are continuous with the low cuboidal epithelial lining of the intercalated duct
-Exocrine pancreas lacks?

A

Striated ducts and myoepithelial cells

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39
Q

Intercalated ducts converge to form?

A

Interlobular ducts

-lined by a columnar epithelium with a few goblet cells and occasional enteroendocrine cells

40
Q

Centroacinar cells

  • Function?
  • Stimulated by?
A
  • Secrete aqueous bicarbonate sol’n

- Stimulated by the hormone secretin

41
Q

CCK

  • Binds to?
  • Function?
A

Binds to specific receptors of acinar cells and stimulates the release of zymogen

42
Q

Acinar pancreatic cells secrete the inactive forms of what enzymes?

A

Trypsin, chymotrypsin, and carboxylpeptidase

43
Q

An increase in the synthesis of proteases is associated with?

A

A protein-rich diet

44
Q

An increase in the synthesis of amylases and a decrease in the synthesis of proteases is often associated with?

A

A carb-rich diet

45
Q

Amylase gene expression is regulated by what hormone?

A

Insulin (internal circulation within the pancreas (insuloacinar portal system) is functionally very important)

46
Q

Acute pancreatitis

-Pathology?

A

-Premature activation of pancreatic enzymes (trypsinogen to trypsin) and inactivation of trypsin inhibitor result in autodigestion of pancreatic acini

47
Q

Acute pancreatitis

-Usually follows?

A

Heavy meals or excessive alcohol ingestion

48
Q

Acute pancreatitis

-Clinical signs?

A
  • SEVERE abdominal pain, nausea and vomiting

- Rapid elevation of amylase and lipase in serum (within 24-72 hrs)

49
Q

Liver

-Blood is supplied to the liver by?

A
  • Portal vein to be filtered

- Hepatic artery-supplies hepatic tissue

50
Q

Liver
-Blood from branches of the portal vein and the hepatic artery mixes in the sinusoids of the liver lobules and converges at the?

A

Central venule of the liver lobule

51
Q

Liver

-Central venules converge to form?

A

Sublobular veins and blood returns to the IVC

52
Q

Structural and functional unit of the liver?

A

Hepatic lobule

53
Q

Hepatic lobule

A
  • Consists of anastomosing plates of hepatocytes limiting blood sinusoidal spaces
  • A central venule in the core of the hepatic lobule collects the sinusoidal blood containing a mixture of blood supplied by the portal vein and hepatic artery
54
Q

The liver lobule can be conceptualized as?

A
  • Classic hepatic lobule
  • Portal lobule
  • Liver acinus
55
Q

Classic hepatic lobule

A
  • Hexagonal lobule
  • Surrounding a central vein
  • Portal triads at the angles
56
Q

Portal lobule

A
  • Triangular arrangement
  • Center of the triangle is bile duct collecting from 3 hepatic lobules
  • Angles are the central veins of three hepatic lobules
57
Q

Liver acinus

A
  • Based on the oxygen gradient of venous sinusoids of adjacent lobules
  • Divided into 3 zones based on the blood supply to the hepatocytes from the branch of the hepatic artery
58
Q

Liver acinus

-The direction of arterial flow determines a?

A

The direction of arterial flow determines a metabolic gradient from the periportal space near the portal triad (zone I) to the zone of drainage (zone III)

59
Q

Microscopic structure of lobule?

-Mostly made up of what type of cell?

A

Mostly made up of hepatocytes arranged in thin layers that radiate from the central canal vein to the periphery of the lobule

60
Q

Microscopic structure of lobule?

-Between the radiating rows of hepatocytes?

A

Small blood vessels called sinusoids

61
Q

Microscopic structure of lobule?

-Sinusoids receive?

A
  • Oxygen rich blood from the hepatic artery and nutrients from the the intestines via the portal vein
  • The oxygen and nutrients diffuse through the capillary walls into the liver cells
62
Q

Microscopic structure of lobule?

-Within the sinusoids?

A

Specialized macrophages called Kupffer cells

-Involved in the recycling of old RBCs

63
Q

Microscopic structure of lobule?

-At the corner of each lobule?

A

At the corner of each lobule is the portal triad, composed of branches of the hepatic portal vein, hepatic artery, bile duct and nerve

64
Q

Microscopic structure of lobule?

-Bile drains from?

A

-Bile drains from the hepatocytes by the many small bile ducts that unite to form the main bile duct of the liver, the hepatic duct

65
Q

The hepatic duct joins with the?

A

Cystic duct (coming from gall bladder) to form the common bile duct, which drains into the duodenum

66
Q

The endothelium which lines liver sinusoids

-Characteristics?

A
  • Fenestrated

- Lacks a continuous basement membrane (discontinuous capillaries)

67
Q

The space between the fenestrated endothelium and the cords is called?

A

The space of Disse

68
Q

Space of Disse

-The fenestrations permit blood plasma to?

A

wash freely over the exposed surfaces of the hepatocytes through the space of Disse

69
Q

Space of Disse

-Microvilli of hepatocytes extend into this space, allowing?

A

Microvilli of hepatocytes extend into this space, allowing proteins and other plasma components from the sinusoids to be absorbed by the hepatocytes

70
Q

Bile canaliculus

A

Hepatocytes secrete bile

71
Q

Ito cells

  • What are they?
  • Where are they located?
  • Function?
A
  • Stellate cells of the liver
  • Located at intervals within the space of Disse
  • These cells function as storage sites for fat and vitamin A
72
Q

Bile

  • produced by?
  • pathway?
A
  • Produced by hepatocytes
  • Flows in opposite direction to the blood
    • Transported through bile canaliculi into the canal of Hering then to the bile duct in the portal triad space
73
Q

Hepatocytes-Functional endocrine and exocrine cell of the liver
-Basolateral domain?

A
  • Abundant microvilli extending into the space of Disse
  • Participates in the absorption of blood-borne substances (bili, peptide/steroid hormones, vitamin B12, substances to be detoxed)
  • Secretion of plasma proteins (albumin, fibrinogen, prothrombin, coag factors, c’ proteins)
74
Q

Hepatocytes

-Contain smooth ER associated with?

A

Glycogen inclusions

75
Q

Hepatocytes

-4 Functions of the SER?

A
  • Synthesis of cholesterol and bile salts
  • Conjugation of bili, steroids, drugs
  • Breakdown of glycogen into glucose
  • detox of lipid soluble drugs (phenobarbital)
76
Q

Hepatocytes

-Rough ER and golgi participate in?

A

The synthesis and glycosylation of the secretory proteins indicated above

77
Q

Hepatocytes

-Peroxisomes-function?

A
  • Prominent in hepatocytes

- generate hydrogen peroxidase (which is broken down into oxygen and water)

78
Q

Bile

A
  • A mixture of organic and inorganic substances produced by the hepatocyte
  • Participates in the excretion of cholesterol, phospholipids, bile salts, conjugated bili, electrolytes
79
Q

Bile

-Fat absorption in the intestinal lumen depends on?

A

the fat emulsifying function of bile salts

80
Q

Bile transports IgA to?

A

The intestinal mucosa and inhibits bacterial growth in the small intestine

81
Q

The secretion of bile into the bile canaliculus is an ATP mediated process involving?

A
  • Multidrug resistance 1 and 2 transporters
  • Multispecific organ anionic transporter
  • Biliary acid transporter
82
Q

Metabolism of bilirubin

A

Bili is the end product of heme catabolism-comes from old RBCs being destroyed in the spleen by macrophages

83
Q

Bilirubin formation?

-Macrophages convert heme into?

A

Biliverdin–>unconjugated bili (in blood)–>forms complex with albumin–>hepatic sinusoids–>albumin detaches–>bili is internalized by hepatocyte

84
Q

Alcoholism and fatty liver

A
  • Hepatocytes participate in the metabolism of ethanol
  • Long term consumption of ethanol results in fatty liver
  • Reversible process if alcohol ingestion discontinued
  • Cirrhosis
  • Hepatocellular carcinoma
85
Q

Cirrhosis

A

-collagen proliferation of fibrosis of the liver

86
Q

Gallbladder

-Main functions?

A

Storage, concentration, and release of bile (into common bile duct then liver)

87
Q

Dilute bile from the hepatic ducts is transported through?

A

The cystic duct into the gall bladder

88
Q

After concentration, what happens to bile?

A

Bile is discharged into the common bile duct

89
Q

Gallstones

-What are they?

A
  • Pieces of solid material that form in the gallbladder

- These stones develop because cholesterol and pigments in bile sometimes form hard particles

90
Q

Gallstones

-Two main types?

A
  • Cholesterol stones

- Pigment stones

91
Q

Gallstones

-Cholesterol stones

A
  • Usually yellow-green in color

- Most gallstones are cholesterol stones

92
Q

Gallstones

-Pigment stones?

A

These stones are smaller and darker and are made up of bilirubin

93
Q

What type of cell predominates in the sublingual gland?

A

Mucous cells

94
Q

What type of cell predominates in the submandibular gland?

A

Serous cells

95
Q

What gland produces IgA?

A

Parotid gland

96
Q

Serous demilunes

A

Serous cells are located at the fundus of the acinus forming a crescent shaped structure embracing the mucus cells located closer to the opening of the acinus into the intercalated duct

GI Midterm (11 decks)

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