Lecture 10

Question 1

What are the weaknesses of independent groups? (independent groups)

Answer 1

X - more participants needed
X - results could be down to individual differences
X - 2 groups may be treated differently
X - MAy be bias if allocation method is not random (all competent p’s may end up in one group)

Question 2

What is a weakness of repeated measures (within subjects design)

Answer 2

X - order effects

Question 3

How can you fix order effects?

Answer 3

Counter balancing

- Cancels out practice/ fatigue effects

Question 4

Define ‘sample’

Answer 4

Individuals participating in your study

Question 5

Define ‘population’

Answer 5

the wider group, about which you wish to learn

Question 6

If the sample isnt representative of the population, what cant you do?

Answer 6

Generalise

Question 7

Define ‘sampling’

Answer 7

Methods used to select a study population (sample) that approximates a specific larger population that you aim to make inferences about

Question 8

What are the two main categories of sampling?

Answer 8

Probability sampling and non-probability sampling

Question 9

Define probability sampling

Answer 9

Using methods to ensure that sample is representative of the population we want to infer about. Trying to make the sample representative

Question 10

What are the 2 types of probability sampling?

Answer 10

Random sampling, Stratified sampling

Question 11

Define Random sampling

Answer 11

A type of probability sampling where every member of a population has equal chance of being selected.

Question 12

Whats a potential limitation of random sampling

Answer 12

X - by chance ,may be unrepresentative

Question 13

Define stratifed sampling

Answer 13

A type of probability sampling where the sample matches population characteristics

Question 14

What are the two types of non-probability sampling?

Answer 14

Opportunity and volunteer

Question 15

Define non probability sampling

Answer 15

Where sample isnt structured to approximate population

Question 16

Define opportunity sampling

Answer 16

take whoever comes along

Question 17

How may volunteer sampling be bias?

Answer 17

Volunteers are more likely to be female, highly educated, higher intelligence, more curious etc

Question 18

What are the 2 categories of Quan data?

Answer 18

Categorical data and Continous data

Question 19

What types of categorical data are there?

Answer 19

Unordered (nominal) and ordered (ordinal)

Question 20

What types of continuous data are there?

Answer 20

interval and ratio

Question 21

Define nominal data

Answer 21

Categories that an object/ event belongs to, using numbers as labels. Numbers are only labels, dont mean anything

Question 22

Define ordinal data

Answer 22

The number does represent something about whatevers being measured - but only to place items in order. But it doesnt represent quantifiable differences. E.g. if anxiety is rated from 1 -8, 8 is not neessarily twice as anxious as 4

Question 23

Define interval data

Answer 23

0 point = arbitrary. There are equal differences between the nubers and the ration between differences are meaningful. E.g. 5-10 is the same as 20-25

Question 24

Define ratio data

Answer 24

Has a true 0 point