Lecture 10

Question 1

3 most common life history strategies:

Answer 1

1. equilibrium life history:high parental care , low fecundity, late maturation (ex: spiny dog fish)
   2.Periodic life history: high fecundity, low parental care, late maturation (ex: sturgeon)
2. Opportunistic life history: early maturation, low parental care, low fecundity (ex: killifish)

Question 2

Life history and environment

Answer 2

Equilibrium LF: high numbers in stable + predictable environment
Periodic LF: unstable + predictable environment
Opportunistic LF: unstable + unstable

Question 3

Number of breeding opportunities

Answer 3

1. Semelparous: spawn once then die
2. Iteraparous: multiple breeding seasons

Question 4

Type of spawning

Answer 4

1. total spawners (synchronous spawners, ex: salmon)
2. batch spawners (asynchronous spawners, ex: zebrafish)

Question 5

Mating systems

Answer 5

1. promiscuous/polygynandrous: both males and females have multiple matings (in one season)
2. polygamous (includes monogamy)
   i) polygyny: one male, multiple females
   ii) polyandry:one female, multiple males

Question 6

Gender system

Answer 6

1. gonochoristic: fixed sex at maturation
2. Hermaphroditic: sex may change

Question 7

Secondary sexual characteristics

Answer 7

1. monomorphic: no external difference between male and females
2. sexual dimorphism: differences between male and females

Question 8

Spawning site preparation

Answer 8

1.no prep
2. prep and defend site

Question 9

Place of fertilization

Answer 9

1. external
2. internal

Question 10

Embryonic Development

Answer 10

1. Oviparity: develops externally
   2.Ovoviviparity: birth live young, nourished by yolk sac
2. viviparity: birth live young, receives nourishment while in womb

Question 11

Sex determination

Answer 11

-Major genetic factors
-Minor genetic factors
-Environmental factors

Question 12

Dioecious

Answer 12

reproductive organs are in separate individuals

Question 13

Hermaphroditism

Answer 13

• serial: multiple sex changes
  -sequential
  i) protogyny: female then male
  ii) protoandry: male then female
  -simultaneous: selfing and outcrossing

Question 14

Functional Hermaphroditism

Answer 14

Monogyny:
i) monochromatic: mature females same color as juveniles
ii) dichromatic: mature females change body color to brighten terminal colors as she approaches transition to male