Lecture 10/10 Flashcards
Preschoolers' developing morphosyntectic skills- PPT
Research
What did Turnbull & Justice 2012 say in regards to syntax?
- In their environments, most ch hear simple syntax
- grammatically good utterances with simple noun phrase and verb structures
- However, ch who hear complex syntax more in their environments produce greater amounts of complex syntax at an earlier age than ch who hear complex syntax less often
e. g., “the cat ate her food!”
When do ch master grammatical morphemes?
Around 18 mo when they start to put two words together
What are Brown’s 14 grammatical morphemes?
- ing
- in
- on
- s (regular plural)
- ate
- ’s (possessive inflection)
- is, were (uncontractible copula)
- a, the
- ed
- s (regular third person singular
- has, does
- is, were (uncontractible auxiliary)
- ’s, are (contractible copula)
- ’s, are (contractible auxiliary)
How do we measure morphosyntactic skills?
- we calculate MLU, or mean length of utterance
- instead of counting words, we count actual morphemes (free and bound)
What is MLU?
Mean Length of Utterance (number of morphemes in a sentence)
“We wanted to eat cookies” is how many words and how many morphemes?
5 words, 7 morphemes
“The three boys wanted five candies” is how many words and how many morphemes?
6 words, 9 morphemes
“We played all day with my friend’s toys” is how many words and how many morphemes?
8 words, 11 morphemes
“He’s going to cook eggs and bacon” is how many words and how many morphemes?
7 words, 10 morphemes
Count the morphemes:
“I need to get my shoes and socks on because the stones will hurt my feet”
19
Count the morphemes:
” I will give my old pillow to the poor children so they can sleep better”
15
Count the morphemes:
” Madame Blueberry was sad because they didn’t have happy hearts at the Stuffmart”
15
What is a phrase?
a group of words that is structurally related
e.g., “tall man” “pretty lady”
What is a clause?
- Has a subject and a predicate
e. g., black dog bark, daddy cook, brother watch tv
What is a sentence?
A sentence is a clause that is structurally complete
e.g., “the black dog is barking”, “Daddy is cooking”
What is a noun phrase?
Sentence role filled by people and objects
e.g., THE BOY is blowing out HIS CANDLES.
What is a verb phrase?
Actions or relationships that are central to the sentence
e.g., the girl LIFTS THE BEACH BALL
Identify the noun phrase and verb phrase:
“The little red hen was eating corn.
The little red hen= NP
was eating corn= VP
Identify the noun phrase and verb phrase:
“The students are taking notes”
The students= NP
are taking notes= VP
Identify the noun phrase and verb phrase:
“the leaves were falling down”
The leaves= NP
were falling down= VP
Identify the noun phrase and verb phrase:
“The baby was laughing at the dog.”
The baby= NP
was laughing at the dog.= VP
What are determiners?
they precede and modify nouns
Examples of demonstratives…
- this
- that
- these
- those
Examples of ordinals…
- first
- second
- third
Examples of adjectives…
- blue
- old
- fuzzy
- cool
Examples of possessives…
- my
- his
What are pronouns?
A group of forms that can replace nouns or entire noun phrases
e.g., I, he, she, we, you, it, they
What are common pronoun errors ch make?
- me/I
- him/he
- her/she
- them/they
What are noun suffixes?
- comparatives
- superlatives
- derivational
When do preschoolers being to use noun suffixes accurately?
Between 3-5 years of age
What are comparatives?
- er suffix; comparison between 2 items
e. g., shortER, cleanER, shiniER
What are superlatives?
- est suffix; convey conparison amount increase 2 items
e. g., tallEST, brightEST, blackEST
What is a derivational noun suffix -er?
Changes a verb into a noun that names the person who engages in that action
e.g., teacher, painter, singer, runner, farmer, plumber, thinker
What is an action verb?
Activity that can be seen (writing, swimming, dancing)
What are copula verbs?
TO BE verbs that serve syntactically as the main verbs in sentences
e.g., am, is, are, was, were
She IS driving
They ARE vaulting
They WERE running
What are state verbs?
Express static or unchanging condition
e.g., that tree IS old. The building STANDS next to the tree.
What is processing verbs?
Internal activity or gradual changes in people or things
e.g., (thinking, hearing, stressing, growing, digesting, learning, believing, dreaming, loving, hating, craving, contemplating, hurting)
When do ch master most verb forms?
5 years of age
What are the 4 types of sentences?
- Interrogative
- Declarative
- Passive
- Negative
What is an interrogative sentence?
Asks a question
What is a declarative sentence?
Makes a statement
What is a passive sentence?
Noun in subject phrase is passive and is acted on by noun in verb phrase
What is a negative sentence?
- Disappearance, rejection, denial
- Initially, ch put negative first
Disappearance- all gone kitty
Rejection- no treat
Denial- no go poppy
What are complex and compound sentences?
Independent or main clause- can stand alone
Dependent or subordinate clause- cannot stand alone
What is a complex sentence?
Has independent clause and dependent clause
Identify the different type of clauses in this sentence:
We will go to the party if it is not raining
we will go to the party= main/indep. clause
if it is not raining.= subordinate/dep. clause
Identify the different type of clauses in this sentence:
I talked to the boy who has red hair.
I talked to the boy= main/indep. clause
who has red hair.= subordinate/dep. clause
What is a compound sentence?
2 independent clauses are linked together by a conjunction
Identify the different type of clauses in this sentence:
We ate cookies and they were good.
We ate cookies= (main/indep. clause)
and
they were good. = main/indep. clause
Identify the different type of clauses in this sentence:
John liked her but she didn’t like him.
John liked her= main/indep. clause
but
she didn’t like him.= main/indep. clause
What are coordinating conjunctions?
- connect words, phrases, clauses of equal rank
- Ch develop “and” first
e. g., so, or, but - Coordinating conjunctions are:
FANBOYS
For-and-nor-but-or-yet-so
Research
What did Rescorla, 2008 ASHA Leader study (sept. 23) involve?
Late talkers show language weakness into adolescence
- She got 2 groups of children
- 39 typically developing (TD) children
- 40 late talkers
- All were 24-31 months of age
- All were from middle-upper income families
- TD toddlers were using 230 words and phrases
- Late talkers (LTs) were using 25 words, and not using phrases
- All ch had normal receptive lang
Research
What did the follow ups show with Rescorla, 2008 ASHA Leader study?
- At 9 and 13 years, LTs scored in normal range on lang and reading tests
- However, they had significantly weaker lang skills than their TD peers
- At 17 years of age, LTs had significantly lower scores on measures of vocabulary, grammar, and verbal memory
How can we help parents be motivated to seek early intervention for their LTs?
- Talk with parents of success stories
- Share research
- We want ch to reach full potential
- Tx (therapy) is free in the schools
- Share statistics of success stories
