9/26 & 10/1 lecture Flashcards
Early Language Development Toddlers (12-24 mo) PPT
Social Development
Express needs, wants through vocalization and gesture
12 months
First words appear when?
12 months
What period do the toddlers go into when the production of their first true words are produced?
Locutionary period
What is a true word?
- it needs to occur with consistency in a given context in apparent response to an identifiable stimulus
- It should be produced consistently in the presence of the same person, object, or event
- It must bear some phonetic resemblance to a conventional adult word; it can be an approximation of a real adult word
What are the most common front consonants?
/p, b, d, t, m, n/
When should toddlers be saying 50 words?
18 months
When should toddlers be putting two words together?
18 months
True or False
Children can use 2-word combinations before they can say 50 words.
False
Research
What did Berko Gleason & Ratner 2009 say about how many words children should be learning in their 2nd and 3rd year?
- 2nd year of life, children start learning approx 1 word per week
- as they approach their 3rd birthday, they start learning 1 new word a day
What could the potential problem be if a child does not have a major lang growth spurt between 18-24 months of age?
- Probably has a lang delay
- Clinically significant (???)
Therapy implication:
What do we do if we are working with a ch that cannot express 50 words yet?
Train them to say at least 50 words first, then you can teach them to use 2 word combinations. Do not teach the 2 word combinations first
For Toddlers’, does receptive vocab or expressive vocab grow faster?
Receptive
How does vocab grow?
Exposure and experience
What are new words for a toddlers related to?
- familiar objects
- events
- relationships
What are the 5 levels of word knowledge?
Regegade earthlings rarely carry meat.
- Referential level
- Extended level
- Relational level
- Categorical level
- Metalinguistic level
What is Referential level?
Word refers to a particular object, event, or relationship (e.g., “dog” refers to the family dog Cocoa)
What is Extended level?
Word extends to other examples (e.g., “dog” refers to Cocoa and also the other dogs in the neighborhood)
What is Relational level?
Producing several words related by some meaningful context (e.g., “doggy bark” or “daddy eat”)
What is Categorical level?
Understanding categories- e.g.. dogs are animals, a strawberry is a fruit
This comes a lot later and lang impaired kids do not do well with this
Social Development
Repeat actions for approving audience
15 months
Cognitive Developments
Follows simple directions accompanied by gestures
15 months
What is Metalinguistic level?
Ch evaluate each word as a stimulus apart from its referent e.g., “strawberry” ha 3 syllables, starts with an /s/, and is a longer word than grape.
How prominent are nouns in a toddler’s lexicon? How how do they learn them?
50%
They learn from and use them because of toddler’s interaction with others
What are reflexive relations?
Early words that indicate the state of objects
Describe the relation of existence and provide an example
Child indicates awareness that an object exists.
e.g., This, That, or Here, while point to, touching, or holding out an object of interest
Describe the relation of nonexistence and provide an example
Child indicates that an object does not exist in a setting where it has come to be expected.
e.g., Says Allgone or Bear when placed in crib from which a favorite teddy bear is absent
Describe the relation of disappearance and provide an example
Child indicates that an object has been present is currently absent.
e.g., Says All gone or Ball after watching a tossed ball roll under the sofa.
Describe the relation of recurrence and provide an example
Child indicates either that an object that had disappeared has since reappeared or that another identical object has appeared
e.g., says More, Again, or ‘Nuther when a fallen cookie is retrieved or replaced with another cookie.
What are relational words?
Words that express relationships among objects
What are 3 types of relational words?
- Attribution
- Action
- Location
What is an Attribution relational word?
These express individual characteristics
e.g., tall, clean, dirty, hot, funny (adjectives)
What is an action relational word?
Actions associated with objects (e.g., eat, throw, kiss)
What is a location relational word?
Words that occur in response to the locations of objects or directions of their movement (e.g., up, outside, in) (where things are)
Why are combining words significant?
Because it indicates that toddlers:
- have the cognitive ability to perceive and respond to relationships between objects or events
- Have advanced enough oral motor coordination to produce longer, more phonologically complex syllable strings
Social Development
Begin to test caregivers intentions
18 months
Cognitive Developments
Enjoys pictures books, begins to recognize familiar pictures
18 months
What are the characteristics of true 2-word utterances?
- Production of 2 true words
- no distinct pauses between the 2 words
- a single intonational contour that envelops both words (e.g., I know, see ya, I do, want it, all gone)
Social Development
Develop attachment to various toys
20 months
Cognitive developments
Imitates adult’s use of an object
20 months
What are examples of semantic relations?
Agent + action = Mommy kiss
Action + object = Pet doggy
Demonstrative + entity = that spoon
Entity + locative = cereal bowl (the cereal is in the bowl)
possessor + possession = Mark toy
attribute + entity = yummy snack
Social Development
Engage in “solioquies” about experiences
23 months
Cognitive developments
Uses same toy in several different actions
24 months
What is a Dore’s Primitive Speech Act (PSA)?
a distinctive vocalization or word, often accompanied by a gesture, to communicate intentions
Motor Developments
First steps
12 months
What are examples of dore’s primitive speech act?
Labeling- (“rice kris pies” when cereal box is taken out)
- Greeting or addressing people when they appear (“Hi, Aunt Celeste”)
- Calling, or gaining another’s attention (child shouts “Mommy” from his swing)
- Repeating, or reproducing part of all of an utterance (echoes Mom’s utterance “oh #%&!?” when she stubs her toe)
- Requesting action- asking someone to do something (“uppy” when mark wanted to be picked up)
- Requesting answer- asking for information (Mark “Do snakes kiss? Does God have skin?”)
- Protesting- expressing dislike or rejection (Mark when I wanted to comb his hair: “no thank you, please”)
Motor Developments
Builds simple tower of 3-4 blocks
15 months
What is presupposition?
Refers to speakers’ ability to judge how much their listeners might know about the subject being introduced and to adapt their utterances accordingly.
Motor Developments
Scribbles lines on paper
16 months
Do toddlers need presupposition?
No, most conversations between toddlers and caregivers are about the here-and-now.
Motor Developments
Walks and runs unassisted
17 months
What is turn taking?
- Conversational skills- speakers and listeners appropriately switch roles
- each turn should contribute something new to the conversation
- In American culture, listeners expected to politely wait until the other person is done talking before they take their turn
- Even by 24 mod. most toddlers take few turns- conversations are brief
Motor Developments
Crudely throws and catches a ball
19 months
What are three ways of developing dialogue?
- Presupposition
- Turn taking
- topic initiation
Motor Developments
Kicks a ball
22 months
What is topic initiation?
Establishing a subject for a conversation a speaker is about to begin
- Hey, get this... - Guess what? - By the way - Did you know that...
- Then, intro subject familiar to both people
Next, add new info
Motor Developments
Turns book pages 2 or 3 at a time
24 months
What is selective imitation?
- Portions of caregivers’ previous utterances are repeated within toddlers’ next several utterances
- Mostly, toddlers imitate words currently entering their vocab
Cognitive Developments
Uses common objects appropriately
12 months
What are interrogative utterances?
Request for appropriate word
e.g., “what’s that?”
What is hypothesis testing?
- Toddlers attempt a word, produce it with rising question intonation “Kwerl?”
- ? intonation invites feedback from caregiver
What tools do caregivers use for toddlers’ language development?
- Motherese
- prompts. which evoke toddler utterances
What do prompts include?
- Open ended questions- e.g., “What happens if we don’t fee the dog?”
- Wh-constituent questions- which require toddlers to recall associated information from their experience and formulate a specific response. For example, “What does a policeman do?”
- Fill-in prompts, “people who wear uniforms and keep us safe are called___”
- Elicited imitations, “Say ‘policeman.’”
- Conformational yes/no questions, “Do policemen keep us safe?”
What are turnabouts?
Comments, questions that follow toddlers’ utterances to maintain interaction
What are expansions?
Caregiver adds grammatical info in response to toddler’s grammatically incorrect utterance
What are extensions?
Caregiver adds grammatical and semantic info
Expansion or Extension?
Mark: Cocoa eat dog chow
Mommy: Yes, cocoa eats her dog chow
Expansion
Expansion or Extension?
Mark: Cocoa eat dog chow
Mommy: Yes, Cocoa eats her dog chow so she can be strong and healthy
Extension
Expansion or Extension
Mark: sun hot
Mommy: Yes the sun is hot
Expansion
Expansion or Extension
Mark: Me tired
Mommy: Yes you are tired because you stayed up to watch tv last night
Extension
What are some things we can do to increase expressive language skills?
- Talking with the child as much as possible is very helpful
- Extensions are quite powerful
Research
What did Roberts & Kaiser 2011 find?
- Working with parents as little as once a week can provide benefits
- Extensions are very useful; easily taught to parents, and they increase ch’s morphosyntactic skills
What is the difference between babies and toddlers in terms of books?
- Babies enjoy physical properties of books
- toddlers like to go through books themselves, pointing out pictures, calling out labels
What are direct interventions?
We can use them where the child is seen by the speech pathologist
What is indirect intervention?
Where we train caregivers such as parents and preschool teachers to stimulate children’s lang development
What is incidental teaching?
Adult carefully observes child, takes advantage of spontaneous teachable moments
What are ways to implement incidental teaching?
- Ask open-ended and topic-continuing questions rather than closed questions
- When the child says something, respond in a topic-continuing way
Research
What did Paul & Norbury 2012 suggest for communicative temptations?
- Eat desirable food in front of children, don’t offer any
- wind-up toy- demo, then offer to children
- Give blocks, small toys to drop into a can
- Roll or throw a ball to children; wait for her to roll or throw back
- Put a desired toy or food into a plastic container that children can’t open
- turn away during a game or activity
When will language develop optimally?
- When children get plenty of attention
- Attention is the greatest reinforcer of all
