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ELM2 Anatomy > Lecture 1 - Upper Respiratory System > Flashcards

Lecture 1 - Upper Respiratory System Flashcards

1
Q

What is the upper respiratory system made up of?

A

Nose

Nasal Cavities (Right and Left), Paranasal sinuses

Pharynx (Nasopharynx, Oropharynx, Laryngopharyx)

Larynx

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2
Q

What are the 3 divisions of the pharynx?

A

Nasopharynx

Oropharynx

Laryngopharynx

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3
Q

What are the functions of the nose and nasal cavities?

A
  • Olfcation: they have olfactory receptors in mucosa of the upper third of medial and lateral nasal walls
  • They provide an airway for respiration
  • Filtartion of the dust in the inspired air
  • Moisten and warming of the inspired air
  • Provide resonance chambers for speech
  • Reception of the secretions from the paranasal sinuses and nasolacrimal ducts
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4
Q

What makes up the External nose?

A
  • Nasal cartilages
    • Septal cartilage
    • Alar cartilages (Greater and Lesser)
  • Nasal bone
  • Fibrous Fatty tissue
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5
Q

What divides the two nasal cavities?

A

They are seperated by the a median partition called the nasal septum, which forms the medial wall of each nasal cavity

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6
Q

What are the 4 borders of the nasal cavity?

A

Medial Wall

Lateral Wall

Roof

Floor

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7
Q

What constitutes the medial wall of the nasal cavity?

A

Septal cartilage

Vomer

Ethmoidal bone

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8
Q

What constitutes the lateral wall of the nasal cavity?

A

Maxilla

Lacrimal bone

Palatine bone

Inferior Nasal Concha

Ethmoid bone

Superior & Middle Nasal Concha

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9
Q

What constitutes the roof of the nasal cavity?

A

Nasal, frontal, ethmoid (Cribriform plate), sphenoidal bones

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10
Q

What constitues the floor of the nasal cavity?

A

Maxilla and palatine bone

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11
Q

What do the gaps in the ethmoid bone (Cribriform plate) allow?

A

Allow passage of olfactory nerves from the upper third of the nasal cavity to the crainum

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12
Q

Label this

A
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13
Q

The mucosa of the upper one-thirds of wall of nasal cavities is conerned with _______

A

Olfaction

Lower two thirds is for respiration

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14
Q

Where do the olfactory receptor axons (located in the upper one-third of the nasal cavity) pass through? and after this, what do the axons connect with

A

Olfactory receptor axons pass through the cribriform plate of the ethmoid bone to connect with the olfactory bulb on the upper surface of the cribriform plate on both sides.

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15
Q

The mucosa of the lower two thirds of the lateral and medial walls of the nasal cavities serves ________ _____ functions (Warms, moistens, cleans air)

And what kind of epthielium is found here, and how what happens to the mucus secreted? *hint*

A

Respiratory type

In the respiratory part you find pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium together with goblet cells which secrete mucus.

The mucus secreted by the goblet cells is constantly moved back by cilia toward the nasopharynx.

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16
Q

What is the function of the mucus in the nose secreted by goblet cells?

And how is inspired air warmed in the nasal cavity?

A

Picks up particulate matter in the air and also moistens the air.

The inhaled air is warmed by the nasal blood temperature.

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17
Q

Do you find cilia in the upper one third of the nasal cavity?

A

No

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18
Q

Describe the nasal conchae

And what are the air passages below the conchae called?

A

They form projections from the lateral wall of the nasal cavity

They are covered by the respiratroy-type of mucosa

Consists of superior and middle nasal conchae, which are parts of ethmoid bone

The inferior nasal concha is a seperate bone.

The air passages below the respective conchae are known as nasal meatuses

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19
Q

What are the four air passages beneath their respective conchae?

A

Superior Nasal Meatus is located superior to middle nasal concha

Middle Nasal Meatus is located inferior to middle nasal concha and superior to inferior nasal concha.

inferior Nasal Meatus is located inferior to inferior nasal concha.

The exception is the Sphenoethmodial recess - this is located superior to superior nasal concha (it’s not a meatus itself)

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20
Q

What are the paranasal sinuses?

And what do they comprise?

A

They are air filled extensions of the nasal cavities into adjacent bones

The comprise:

  • Frontal sinuses
  • Sphenoidal sinuses
  • Ethmoidal sinuses (also called ethmoidal cells)
    • There are 3 groups: Anterior, Middle and Posterior)
  • Maxillary sinuses (Largest)
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21
Q

What are the functions of the paranasal sinuses?

A

Decrease the weight of bones and contribute to voice production by acting as resonance chambers

(Lined by resp. type muscosa)

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22
Q

Label this

A
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23
Q

Label this

A
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24
Q

Where do the paranasal sinuses drain into?

A

Drain into the lateral wall of the nasal cavity by their openings

25
Q

All of the paralnasal sinuses drain into the Middle Nasal Meatus except?

(All drain into middle nasal meatus besides two)

A

Sphenoidal sinuses, which drain into the Sphenoethmoidal Recess

And the Posterior ethmoidal cells, which drain into the superior nasal meatus

26
Q

What does the nasolacrimal duct drain into?

A

Inferior Nasal Meatus

27
Q

What is the pharynx divided into?

A

Nasopharynx (behind nasal cavities)

Oropharynx (Behind oral cavity)

Laryngopharynx (Behind larynx)

28
Q

The pharynx is a common pathway for ____ & ____

A

Air and food

29
Q

Describe the structure of the pharynx

  • Where does it extend from
  • Composition
  • types of epithelium found
A

The pharynx extends from behind the nose to the esophagus. It’s wall is composed mainly by skeletal muscle.

The upper part is lined by respiratory type epithelium, with the lower part being lined by stratified squamous epithelium.

30
Q

How does the nasal pharynx connect the two nasal cavities?

Where is the auditory tube found?

A

Connects the nasal cavities by two large nasal apertures called choanae (posterior nares)

The auditory tube (Eustachian tube) opens on to the lateral wall of the nasopharynx (eqaulises pressures between ear and atmospheric pressure)

31
Q

Describe the lymphoid tissue in the nasopharynx

A

Lymphoid tissue is present as two masses (tonsils) in two different localisations of the nasopharynx.

  1. (Naso) Pharyngeal tonsil (adenoids in children) is localised in the roof and posterior wall of the nasopharynx
  2. Tubal tonsils (paired) is localised in the lateral wall behind the opening of the auditory tube.
32
Q

What can happen when the pharyngeal tonsils enlargen in infection?

A

It enlarges and encloses the choanae and prevents passage of air from the nasal cavity to the mouth to breathe.

33
Q

Describe the oropharynx

  • Where extends from
  • How the oral cavity connects with it
A

Oropharynx extends from the soft palate to the upper border of epiglottic cartialge of the larynx.

The oropharynx connects with oral cavity through the oropharyngeal isthmus (isthmus = a narrowing)

34
Q

Describe the lymphoid tissue of the oropharynx

A

The lymphoid tissue is present as two masses (tonsils) in two different localisations

  1. Lingual tonsil is localised at the posterior end of tounge.
  2. Palatine tonsils (paired) is localised in the interval between palatoglossal (between palate and tounge) and palatopharyngeal arches (between palate and pharynx) at the lateral wall of oropharynx
35
Q

Label this

A
36
Q

How does the laryngopharynx connect with the larynx?

A

Via the laryngeal inlet

37
Q

What are the three gateways of the pharynx?

A

Choanae

Oropharyngeal isthmus

Laryngeal inlet

38
Q

Label the Pharygea tonsillar ring

A
39
Q

Describe the larynx (voice box)

  • Where it extends from
  • What it’s composed of
  • And what passes through it?
  • Functions
A

Extends from the laryngopharynx to trachea (C3-C6)

It’s made up of several cartilages and fibrous membranes and lined by mucous membrane.

Air enters laryngeal inlet (whilst food passes through laryngopharynx to esophagus)

Functions:

  • Major function: Airway protection
  • Most important: Respiration - maintaining the airway
  • Most complex: Phonation - voice production
40
Q

Describe the skeleton of the larynx

A

It has 3 large unpaired cartilages

  • Cricoid
  • Thyroid
  • Epiglottis

And 3 pairs of smaller cartilages

  • Arytenoid
  • Corniculate
  • Cunieform

It also has a fibro-elastic membrane and numerous intrinsic muscles

41
Q

How does the inferior horn of the thyroid cartialge articulate with the cricoid cartilage?

Also, how does the arytenoid cartilage articulate with the cricoid cartilage

A

Both by a synovial joint.

42
Q

How is the laryngeal prominence formed?

And what laryngeal cartilage is attached here?

A

IThe thyroid cartilage (largest laryngeal cartilage) is made up of two laminae which meet in an anterior prominence, the laryngeal prominence(Adam’s apple)

Epiglottic cartilage is attached to laryngeal prominence

43
Q

Describe the location of the cricoid cartilage

A

Located below the thyroid cartilage and is shaped like a signet ring, sitting on each shoulder is an Arytenoid cartilage

44
Q

Which fold is the corniculate and cuneiform cartilages embedded in?

A

The aryepiglottic fold

45
Q

What are the two external membranes of the larynx?

A
  • Thyrohyoid membrane
    • ​Attached superiorly to hyoid bone, and inferiorly to the thyroid cartilage
  • Cricothyroid membrane (anterior portion) (aka Median cricothyroid ligament)
    • ​Attached superiorly to thyroid cartilage, and inferiorly to anterior arch of cricoid cartilage
46
Q

How does the internal branch of the superior laryngeal nerve and superior larngeal artery pierce the thyrohyoid membrane?

A

From the lateral aspect

47
Q

Which external membrane of the larynx can be artificially penetrated in emergency situatons to provide access to the lower airway?

A

Cricothyroid membrane

Can provide access when upper airway above level of vocal folds is blocked

48
Q

Label

A
49
Q

What are the two internal membranes of the larynx? And how does each attached superiorly, inferiorly, anteriorly and posteriorly

A
  • Quadrangular membrane - Attached
    • ​Superiorly to epiglottic cartilage
    • Inferiorly to the vestibular fold
    • Anteriorly to the laryngeal prominence of thyroid cartilage
  • Cricothyroid membrane (lateral poriton) - Attached
    • Superiorly (upper border) to the vocal fold
    • Inferiorly to the arch of the cricoid cartilage
    • Anteriorly to the laryngeal prominence (posteiror aspect)
    • Posteriorly to the arytenoid cartilage (vocal process)
50
Q
A
51
Q

Describe the vocal folds

  • How are they formed
  • Where do they extend from
  • How their position and tensions changes
A

Vocal folds are formed by the mucosal coating of the vocal cords

They extend from arytenoid cartialge to thyoid cartilage

The positions and tensions in vocal folds are varied by muscles of the larynx

52
Q

________ or _______ of the vocal folds alters the size of interval betweent he vocal folds, known as the ______ _______

A

Abduction or adduction of the vocal folds alters the size of the interval between the vocal folds, known as the rima glottidis

53
Q

How does the rima glottidis open to allow airflow in respiration?

A

Posterior cricoarythenoid muscles abduct the vocal cords, opening the rima glottidis

54
Q

How do the vocal cords serve their function of airway protection?

A

Lateral cricoarythenoid muscles adduct the vocal cords for the full closure of the rima glottidis (with some other muscles) in airway protection reflexes to block foreign objects to enter the trachea.

(Full closure of rima glottidis also occurs in the need of an increase for the intrathoroacic (coughing etc) or intraabdominal pressure (defecation etc)

55
Q

How do the vocal cords serve their function of phonation?

A

Sound is produced by expired air moving past the vocal cords, this causes them to vibrate rapidly.

The length and tension controls the pitch (frequency) of voice whilst the relative position of one vocal cord to another determines quality (whispering etc) or the sound.

56
Q

How is the length and tension of vocal cords controlled to determine the pitch of sound in phonation?

A

Cricothyroid muscle tilts the thyroid cartilage over cricoid and modulate the pitch of sound by altering the length and tension of vocal cords

57
Q

Describe the cavity of the larynx (it’s divided into three parts)

A
  • The vestibule
    • Extends from the laryngeal inlet to the vestibular folds
  • The (Laryngeal) Ventricles
    • Extends from the vestibular fold above to the vocal fold (rima glottidis) below
  • Infraglottic cavity
    • Extends from the rima glottidis (or vocal folds) above to the trachea below
58
Q
A
59
Q

Describe both the sensorty and motor innervation of the larynx

A

SENSORY INNERVATION

  • Above the Laryngeal Ventricule innervated by internal branch of Superior Laryngeal Nerve(Vagus Nerve)
  • Below the Laryngeal Ventricule innervated by Recurrent Laryngeal Nerve (Vagus Nerve)

MOTOR INNERVATION

  • All the muscles of the Larynx innervated by Recurrent Laryngeal nerve except cricothyroid muscle which is innervated by external branch of superior laryngeal nerve.

ELM2 Anatomy (19 decks)

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