Lecture 1: Theories of motor learning Flashcards
Schmidt’s Schema Theory emphasized and goal
- Emphasized open loop environment and the generalized motor programming concept
- Goal is to create a schema, a motor program
What is a motor program
- Contains general concepts not specifics
* Learn a set of rules that can be used in variety of settings
With Schmidt’s schema theory after an individual makes a movement, four things are available for brief storage in short-term memory:
You have a general motor program
- the initial movement conditions, such as the position of the body and the weight of the object manipulated
- the parameters used in the generalized motor program;
- the outcome of the movement, in terms of knowledge of results (KR); and
- the sensory consequences of the movement—that is, how it felt, looked, and sounded.
With Schmidt’s schema theory after information is stored in the short term memory it is abstracted into two schemas, which are
• The recall schema (motor) • The recognition schema (sensory)
Key points to Schmidt’s schema theory
Variability is key
- makes program stronger
- provides more data
New Motions
-can be done by comparing to other or similar motions
Schmidt’s Schema theory clinical implications
-Practice under many different conditions
• Allows to create sets of rules for the recall schema • Wide schema vs a narrow schema
• Constant practice with variability allows the modification of recognition schema
Ecological Theory’s two components
Regulatory Cues
- Perception
- Action
Ecological Theory Clinical Implications
- Patient must look for different perceptual cues so they can change the motor program
- i.e. picking a glass of water, the strategy will change based if the cup is full or not
Fitts and Posner Three-Stage Model is and what are the 3 stages
Described a 3 stage model for learning
Stage 1 – Cognitive stage of learning
Stage 2 – The Associative stage
Stage 3 – Autonomous stage
What happens in the Fitts and Posner Three-Stage Model: Stage 1
Cognitive stage of learning
- Understanding the nature of the task
- Experiments with a variety of strategies
- Develop strategies
- Improvements in performance are also quite large in this first stage
What happens in the Fitts and Posner Three-Stage Model: Stage 2
The Associative Stage
• Found best strategy but now refines the skill.
• Less variability with slow improvement
• Verbal/ cognitive not as important
• Due to concentration of refining vs learning new strategies
• This stage may last from days to weeks or months
Describe Fitts and Posner Three-Stage Model: Stage 3
The Autonomous Stage
- Automaticity of the skill
-Low degree of attention required for its performance (too much attention = dec. performance)
-Now can
• Look in the environment to see what can affect skill
• Focus on a secondary task (dual task)– talk to friend
Bernstein’s Three-Stage Approach to Motor Learning deals with
Control of the Degrees of Freedom
You begin at fewer DOF and progress to more DOF
Bernstein’s Three-Stage Approach to Motor Learning: Stage 1
- Decrease DOF
- Constrained in order to make the task easier
- Not energy efficient
Bernstein’s Three-Stage Approach to Motor Learning: Stage 2 – The Advanced stage
- Start to release some additional DOF
- Less contraction of agonist and antagonist muscles at a joint
- Controlled independently
- Increase muscle efficiency (synergies) = ⬆ coordination = ⬆environmental adaptation
Bernstein’s Three-Stage Approach to Motor Learning: Mastering Degrees of Freedom Clinical Implications
- Explains co activation
- Can remove the number of DOF in initially learning a task
• Braces to lock out motion • Tall kneeling to remove the knee and ankle
• Therapist can block motion of one joint to allow the others to be controlled initially
Gentile’s Two-Stage Model
• Concentrates on the goal of the person for each stage
Gentile’s Two-Stage Model: Stage 1
Goal
- Learn the dynamics of the task
- How the environment influences the task.
Distinguish in environment
- Regulatory factors
- Non-regulatory factors
What is the goal of Stage 2 – Fixation/Diversification Stage of Gentile’s Two-Stage Model:
• Goal is to refine the movement task for different environments (open vs a close environment) and to be consistent
Stages of Motor Program Formation
-Complex behavior
• Combine smaller units of behavior
• Until the whole behavior is controlled as a unit.
-Example: Gait training
• One motor program for stance phase control
• Another motor program for swing phase
• Then combine the two into a new motor program
