Lecture 1-The Human Body

Question 0

What is Anatomy?

Answer 0

Studies the structure of body parts and their relationship to one another

Question 1

Levels of Structural Organization

Answer 1

Chemical-Cellular-Tissue-Organ System-Organism

Question 2

What is Physiology?

Answer 2

The study of functions and relationships between the body parts (chemically and physically)

Question 3

Describe the four types of planes or cuts of the human body?

Answer 3

Sagittal- Divides into left/right

Frontal/Coronal- divides into anterior/posterior

Transversal/Horizontal- divides into superior/inferior

Oblique- diagonal cuts between horizontal and vertical

Question 4

List and describe all the different organ systems of the human body.

Answer 4

(a) Integumentary( skin )
(b) Skeletal System( bones )
(c) Muscular( muscles )
(d) Nervous[Nerves(control)]
(e) Endocrine( growth )
(f) Cardiovascular( blood vessels/heart )
(g) Lymphatic( immune system )
(h) Respiratory( breathing )
(i) Digestive( digestion )
(j) Urinary( Urinating )
(k) Male Reproductive
(l) Female Reproductive

Question 5

Describe and explain the different life functions of the human body.

Answer 5

1. Maintaining boundaries (inside vs outside)
2. Movement (internal and external)
3. Responsiveness: sense change
4. Digestion: Breakdown of foods for absorption
5. Metabolism: All chemical reactions in the body
6. Excretion: removal of waste from the body
7. Reproduction: cell division,whole organism
8. Growth:Increase in size/part

Question 6

Describe and explain what is homeostasis.

Answer 6

Maintain relatively stable internal conditions
How Homeostasis works…
1.Stimulus-produces change in variable
2.Receptor-detects change
3.Input:information sent using along afferent pathway to control center
4.Output:Information sent along efferent pathway to effector
5.Response:of effector feeds back to reduce the effector of stimulus and returns variable to homeostatic level

Question 7

Positive and Negative Feedback

Answer 7

Positive Feedback: changes the variable back to its original state or “ideal value”( heating system )

Negative Feedback: output enhances the original effect of the stimulus (child birth)

Question 8

Describe the 13 sectional anatomical terms.

Answer 8

Anterior (front)
Posterior (back)
Superior (top)
Inferior (below)
Medial (midline)
Lateral [away from the midline(outside)] 
Distal (away from the body)
Proximal (closer to the body)
Dorsal (upper side or back of)
Caudal (near the tail part of the body)
Ventral (the underside) 
Region (areas)
Quadrants (sections)

Question 9

Main bonds of the human body

Answer 9

Ionic- transfer of one or more electrons from one atom to the other

Covalent- elections do not have to be transferred for atoms to reach stability, electrons are shared

Polar- unequally share electrons and have poles of opposite charge

Non-Polar- equally share electrons and electrically balanced

Hydrogen- weak, and occur when hydrogen bonds covalently link to an electronegative atom

Question 10

13 Quadrants and Regions of the Abdominopelvic area

Answer 10

Right/Left Upper Quadrant
Right/Left Lower Quadrant

Right/Left Hypochondriac Region
Right/Left Lumbar
Right/Left Lilac (inguinal) Region

Epigastric Region
Umbilical Region
Hypogastric Region ( pubic )