Lecture 1: the basics Flashcards
What are metabolites?
Molecules produced or altered by the cell
What is important between the following factors: DNA, proteins and metabolites.
Interplay
Name features of a prokaryotic cell
- Small (1-5 um)
- Single cell
- No membrane-enclosed compartments
Name features of a eukaryotic cell
- Large (20 - 50 um)
- Many are multi-cellulair
- Membrane enclosed-compartments
Name eukaryotic cell compartments.
Nucleus, nucleolus, endoplasmatic reticulum, golgi, mitochondria, lysosomes, transport vesicles, chlorplast
What processes occur in the nucleus?
DNA synthesis and transcription (and in the nucleolus RNA synthesis).
How is transport from the cytoplasm into the nucleus made possible?
With nuclear pores
Where is the nucleolus responsible for?
Ribosome/RNA synthesis and protein quality control
What processes occur in the endoplasmatic reticulum?
Protein modification (e.g. proper folding) and transport/sorting
What proteins are inserted i the ER? And what is an exception for these proteins?
Membrane proteins. The exception is that only membrane proteins that are assigned to the mitochondrium will not be inserted in the ER.
What component of the eukaryotic cell initiates mitochondrial fission/division?
The endoplasmatic reticulum
What processes occur in the golgi apparatus?
After proteins have been through the endoplasmatic reticulum, they end up here where they will be modificated (glycosylation), sorted and transported to the fitting organelles.
How do proteins get transported to, from and within the Golgi?
By transport vesicles
What processes occur in the mitochondrium?
Energy metabolism and fatty acid oxidation
What processes occur in lysosomes and what molecules help with this?
There are hydrolytic enzymes in the lysosome that are responsible for degradation processes. Also lysosomes are important in autophagy.
Why are transport vesicles important?
They make transport between compartments possible and thus are crucial for distribution of material and information.
Why is the cytoskeleton important?
It’s important for structure of the cell, cell movement and transport within the cell.
Which filaments are involved the cytoskeleton?
Microtubuli, keratine and actin
What processes occur in chloroplasts?
Energy is formed from sunlight and ATP is produced.
For the following eukaryotic cell compartments, rank the compartments from smallest to largest:
nucleus, nucleolus, endoplasmatic reticulum, golgi, mitochondria, lysosomes, transport vesicles, chloroplast, ribosomes
- Ribosomes 25 - 30 nm
- Transport vesicles 30 - 100 nm
- Lysosomes 0.5-1 um
- Nucleolus < 1 um
- Golgi apparatus 2.5 um
- Chloroplasts 5 - 7 um
- Nucleus 6 um
- Mitochondria 0.5 - 10 um
