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Biotechnology and Global Health > Lecture 1: Technology Assessment and Health Data > Flashcards

Lecture 1: Technology Assessment and Health Data Flashcards

1
Q

Material Nature Groups

A
  • Drugs
  • Biologics
  • Devices, equipment, and supplies
  • Medical/Surgical procedures
  • Support System
  • Organizational and Managerial Systems
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2
Q

Purpose and Application Groups

A
  • Prevention
  • Screening
  • Diagnosing
  • Treating
  • Rehabilitation
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3
Q

Tech Purpose - Prevention

A

Health interventions designed to prevent a patient from developing a disease.

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4
Q

Tech Purpose - Screening

A

A test given to members of a defined population, not necessarily at rick, to identify individuals who would benefit by further testing for diagnosis.

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5
Q

Tech Purpose - Diagnosing

A

Identification of a disease through, signs, symptoms, imaging, and various biochemical markers

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6
Q

Tech Purpose - Treating

A

Intervention to cure or reduce symptoms of a disease

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7
Q

Tech Purpose - Rehabilitation

A

Process of restoring skills lost to illness or injury

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8
Q

Health Technology Assessment

A

Is a multidisciplinary field of policy analysis. It studies the
medical, social, ethical, and economic implications of
development, diffusion, and use of health technology

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9
Q

Patient and Societal Outcomes

A
  • Direct and indirect effects
  • Efficacy
  • Effectiveness
  • Safety
  • Ethical concerns
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10
Q

Who uses HTA?

A
  • Health product makers
  • Regulators
  • Clinicians
  • Patients
  • Hospitals
  • Managers
  • Government Leaders
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11
Q

US Preventative Task Forces

A

Makes recommendations about clinical preventive services. Has Grades A-D and I Statement.

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12
Q

What type of data is gathered for an HTA?

A
  • Data on the population
  • Vital statistics
  • Health statistics
  • Statistics about helath services
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13
Q

Name the 2 types of Epimemiologic Studies

A
  • Experimental (Randomized Clinical Trials)

- Observational

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14
Q

What is an Experimental Epidemiological Study?

A

– Takes two populations with similar conditions and randomly,
and blindly assigns one group a new “treatment” and the
other a placebo or standard care. Used to determine causation.

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15
Q

What is an Observational Epidemiological Study?

A

– Looks at two populations that had been previously assigned a
control vs. treatment group and assesses the differences
between the groups over time. Gives correlations or associations.

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16
Q

When do you use an Observational Study?

A
  • Ethical concerns
  • When study parameters may be rare, or difficult to cause
  • When researches do not have a control
17
Q

What can an Observational Study do?

A
  • Provide indications of benefits and risk

- Give motivation to o controlled randomized experiments

18
Q

What are the limitations of an Observational Study?

A
  • Cannot make statements about safety, efficacy, or effectiveness
  • Cannot determine causes
  • Can have bias0some things end up not reported, people receiving the “treatment” is not random
19
Q

Longitudinal Observational Study

A

Follows individuals over time to track changes with the same variable, repeated observation, can be retroactive.

20
Q

Cross-sectional Observational Study

A

Describes feature of population such as prevalence of illness, relative risk and association

21
Q

Association

A

Statistical dependence between two or more events

22
Q

Relative Risk (RR)

A

Asses the strength of an association.
RR = 1 no risk,
RR > 1 means increased risk
RR < 1 means protective effect

23
Q

Incidence

A

Number of new cases of disease in a population over a period of time

Annual Incidence Rate = # of new cases (in 1 year)/# in that population (at mid year)

24
Q

Prevalence

A

Number of existing cases of the disease in a population at a given time

Point Prevalence = # of total cases at one time/ # in that population at same time point

25
Q

Mortality Rate

A

Number of deaths
- Specific for disease

Mortality Rate = # of deaths in a defines population/ # in that population mid year

(can be adapted for a subset population - Infant Mortality Rate)

26
Q

Morbidity

A
  • Degree or severity of disease

- Hard to define

27
Q

Disability-Adjusted Life Year (DALY)

A
  • Years of life lost due to ill health, disability, or premature death
  • Measure overall disease burden (combines mortality and morbidity)
28
Q

DALY = YYL + YLD

A

Years of Life Lost = life expectancy - age of death

Years Lost to Disability = duration of disability x disability weight

29
Q

Developed Country

A

Has a higher standard of living and diversified economy

30
Q

Developing Country

A

Low per capital income and a Lower Human Development Index (Education, Health, Income)

31
Q

Purchasing Power Parity

A

Convert currencies based upon an equivalent basket of good and services

32
Q

What is the criteria for Least Developed Country (LDC)

A
  • GDP per capita $900 to graduate
  • Human resource weakness
  • Economic vulnerabiltiy
33
Q

Disparcity

A

Inequality, large differences

34
Q

What are indicators of disparity?

A
  • Avg. annual per capital health expenditure
  • Low Human Development Index (HDI)
    Burden of disease (DALYs)
  • Infant mortality rate
35
Q

What are some of the health risk in an informal settlement?

A
  • Sanitation (cholera and other diarrheal diseases)
36
Q

Sensitivity (Se)

A

Given DISEASE, screening test is POSITIVE. Able to correctly detect disease.

Se = TP/(# with disease)

37
Q

Specificity (Sp)

A

Given NO DISEASE, screening test is NEGATIVE. Ability to avoid calling normal things disease

Se = TN/(# without disease)

38
Q

Positive Prevalence Value (PPV)

A

Probability that given a positive test result, you have DISEASE

PPV = TP/(TP+FP)

39
Q

Negatieve Prevalence Value (NPV)

A

Probability that given a NEGATIVE test result, you do NOT HAVE DISEASE

NPV = TN/(TN+FN)

Biotechnology and Global Health (10 decks)

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